Ulbrich, U.; Graf, H.F.; Kirchner, I. : The impact of El Niño- and volcanic forcing on the atmospheric energy cycle and the zonal mean atmospheric circulation : Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, vol.68, no.1, p. 59-74, 1995
Urban, H J : Upper temperature tolerance of ten bivalve species off Peru and Chile related to El Niño : Marine Ecology Progress Series, v107 n1-2, pp 139-145, 1994
Urban, H J; Tarazona, J : Effects Of El Niño - Southern Oscillation On The Population-Dynamics Of A Gari-Solida Population (Bivalvia, Psammobiidae) From Bahia-Independencia, Peru : Marine Biology V. 125 No. 4 P. 725-734, 1996
Valencia Telleria, A. : El Niño related health hazards. Health consequences of the floods in Bolivia in 1982 : Disasters, v10 n2, pp 88-106, 1986
Valle, C. A.; Coulter, M. C. : Present status of the flightless cormorant, Galapagos penguin and greater flamingo populations in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, after the 1982 -83 El Niño : Condor, v89 n2, pp 276-281, 1987
Valle, C. A.; Cruz, F.; Cruz, J. B.; Merlen, G.; Coulter, M. C. : The impact of the 1982 -1983 El Niño -southern oscillation on seabirds in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador : Journal of Geophysical Research, v92 C13, pp 14,437-14,444, 1987
Vallis, G.K. : Conceptual Models of El Niño and the Southern Oscillation : Journal of geophysical research : JGR C, v 93 n 11 P: 13,979, 1988
Vallis, G.K. : El Niño: a chaotic dynamical system? : Science, vol.232, no.4747, p. 243-5, 1986
Van Der Hammen, T.; Cleef, A. M. : Holocene changes of rainfall and river discharge in northern South America and the El Niño phenomenon : Erdkunde, v46 n3-4, pp 252-256, 1992
Van Loon, H.; Shea, D.J. : The Southern Oscillation. part IV. The precursors south of 15 degrees S to the extremes of the Oscillation : Monthly Weather Review, vol.113, no.12, p. 2063-74, 1985
Verma, R.K. : Recent monsoon variability in the global climate perspective : Mausam, vol.41, no.2, p. 315-20, 1990
Vermeij, G. J. : An ecological crisis in an evolutionary context: El Niño in the eastern Pacific : Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Pp 505-517 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990
Vetter, R.E.; Botosso, P.C. : El Niño May Affect Growth Behaviour of Amazonian Trees : GeoJournal, v 19 n 4 Page: 419, 1989
Vial, F.; Lott, F.; Teitelbaum, H. : A possible signal of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in time series of the diurnal tide : Geophysical Research Letters, vol.21, no.15, p. 1603-6, 1994
Volk, T. : Effect of the equatorial Pacific upwelling on atmospheric CO "SUB 2" during the 1982-1983 El Niño : Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v3 n3, pp 267-279, 1989
Volkov, Yu.N. : The modelling of the El Niño phenomenon by an autooscillation process in the ocean-atmosphere system : Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana, vol.16, no.11, p. 1179-88, 1980
Wagner, A.J. : Resilient El Niño : Weatherwise v. 47, Feb./Mar., p. 25, 1994
Wagner, A.J. : The global climate of March-May 1987: moderately strong mature phase of ENSO with highly persistent monthly and seasonal temperature anomalies over the United States : Monthly Weather Review, v115 n12, pp 3166-3187,1987
Wagner, A.J. : The global climate for March-May 1985: strong phase reversal in many areas from two years ago, (Conditions in the global tropics are for the most part indicative of the 'cold/dry' phase of the ENSO phenomenon) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.2, p. 500-23, 1986
Wainer, I.; Webster, P.J. : Monsoon/El Niño-Southern Oscillation relationships in a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere model : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.101, no.C11, p. 25599-614, 1996
Wakata, Y.; Sarachik, E.S. : On the role of equatorial ocean modes in the ENSO cycle : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.21, no.3, p. 434-43, 1991
Wakata, Y.; Sarachik, E.S. : Unstable coupled atmosphere-ocean basin modes in the presence of a spatially varying basic state, (The oscillatory nature of the ENSO cycle can be explained by a transition mechanism resulting from the interaction of these two equatorial (but not necessarily propagating) modes) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, no.18, p. 2060-77, 1991
Waliser, D.E.; Blanke, B.; Neelin, J.D.; Gautier, C. : Shortwave feedbacks and El Niño-Southern Oscillation: forced ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere experiments : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.99, no.C12, p. 25109-25, 1994
Wallace, M. P.; Temple, S. A. : Impacts of the 1982 -1983 El Niño on population dynamics of Andean condors in Peru : Biotropica, v20 n2, pp 144-150, 1988
Walsh, K.J.; Cerveny, R.S. : Thermal patterns of Pacific South America associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation : International Journal of Climatology, vol.10, no.5, p. 451-7, 1990
Wang, B. : Transition from a cold to a warm state of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle : Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.56, no.1-2, p. 17-32, 1995
Wang, B. : The vertical structure and development of the ENSO anomaly mode during 1979-89 : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.49, no.8, p. 698-712, 1992
Wang, B ; Fang, Z : Chaotic Oscillations Of Tropical Climate A Dynamic System-Theory For Enso : Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences V. 53 No. 19 1 P. 2786-2802, 1996
Wang Panxing,; Lau, K. M.; Shen, S. H. : Anomalies of the background circulation of the IAP GCM model atmosphere in an El Niño year : Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v5 n5, pp 608-616, 1991
Wang Shaowu : Reconstruction of El Niño event chronology for the last 600 year period : Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v6 n1, pp 47-57, 1992
Wang Shaowu : The El Niño events in 1860-1979 : Kexue Tongbao (Foreign Language Edition), vol.30, no.7, p. 927-31, 1985
Wang Shaowu; Ma Liang; Chen Zhenhua; Zhang Qiwen : The Western and Central Pacific rainfall and the El Niño events : Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.44, no.4, p. 403-10, 1986
Wang Shiping : The numerical criteria and characteristics of El Niño and La Nina : Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v9 n1, pp 51-59, 1990
Wang, X.L. : The coupling of the annual cycle and ENSO over the tropical Pacific : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.51, no.8, p. 1115-36, 1994
Wang, X.L. : Intraseasonal Disturbance Activity before, during and after the 1982-83 ENSO : Journal of the atmospheric sciences, v 45 n 24, P: 3754, 1988
Wang, W.-C.; Li, Kerang : Precipitation Fluctuation over Semiarid Region in Northern China and the Relationship with El Niño/Southern Oscillation : Journal of climate, v 3 n 7 Page: 769, 1990
Wang Zongshan,; Jin Meibing,; Zou Emei,; Xu Bochang : The inversion of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the western tropical Pacific during 1986/1987 El Niño event : Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v12 n4, pp 487-498, 1993
: :
Wanninkhof, R.; Feely, R.A.; Chen, H.; Cosca, C.; Murphy, P.P. : Surface water fCO/sub 2/ in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the 1992-1993 El Niño : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.101, no.C7, p. 16333-43, 1996
Waylen, P.R.; Caviedes, C.N. : El Niño and annual floods in coastal Peru : Monograph: Catastrophic Flooding, PP 57-77 / Editor: Mayer, L.; Nash, D., 1987
Waylen, P.R.; Caviedes, C.N. : El Niño and annual floods on the north Peruvian littoral : Journal of Hydrology, v89 n1-2, pp 141-156, 1986
Waylen, P.R.; Quesada, M.E.; Caviedes, C.N. : The effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on precipitation in San Jose, Costa Rica : International Journal of Climatology, vol.14, no.5, p. 559-68, 1994
Weare, B.C. : Relationships between monthly precipitation and SST variations in the tropical Pacific region : Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.11, p. 2687-98, 1987
Weare, B.C. : An extension of an El Niño index : Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.3, p. 644-7, 1986
Weare, B.C. : A comparison of shallow water model results for three estimates of a composite El Niño forcing : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.43, no.2, p. 162-70, 1986
Weare, B.C. : A simple model of the tropical atmosphere driven by a circulation-dependent forcing, (The possible impact of these processes on El Niño theories is briefly discussed) : Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.112, no.472, p. 409-29, 1986
Weare, B.C. : Interannual moisture variations near the surface of the tropical Pacific Ocean, (Special emphasis is given to understanding the relationship between variations in these quantities and ENSO) : Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.110, no.464, p. 489-504, 1984
Weare, B.C. : The possible link between net surface heating and El Niño : Science, vol.221, no.4614, p. 947-9, 1983
Weare, B.C. : Moisture variations associated with El Niño events : Monograph: Variations in the global water budget, pp 273-284, 1983
Weare, B.C. : Interannual variation in net heating at the surface of the tropical Pacific Ocean, (special emphasis is given to exploring the relationship between these variations and those in sea temperature associated with ENSO) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, no.5, p. 873-85, 1983
Weare, B.C. : El Niño and tropical Pacific Ocean surface temperatures : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.12, no.1, p. 17-27, 1982
Weare, B.C.; Navato, A.R.; Newell, R.E. : Empirical orthogonal analysis of Pacific sea surface temperatures, ( The most important non-seasonal variation is identified with the long-recognized El Niño) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.6, no.5, p. 671-8, 1976
Weber, G.-R. : North Pacific circulation anomalies, El Niño and anomalous warmth over the North American continent in 1986-1988: possible causes of the 1988 North American drought : International Journal of Climatology, vol.10, no.3, p. 279-89, 1990
Webster, F. : Studying El Niño on a global scale ( TOGA) : Oceanus, v27 n2, pp 58-62, 1984
Webster, P.J. : Seasonality in the local and remote atmospheric response to sea surface temperature anomalies, (The specific situation of El Niño sea surface temperature forcing is considered) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.39, no.1, p. 41-52, 1982
Webster, P.J.; Yang, S. : Monsoon and ENSO: selectively interactive systems : Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.118, no.507, p. 877-926, 1992
Wei-Chyung Wang; Kerang Li : Precipitation fluctuation over semiarid region in northern China and the relationship with El Niño/Southern Oscillation : Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.7, p. 769-83, 1990
Weickmann, K.M. : El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Madden-Julian (30-60 day) oscillations during 1981-1982 : J. Geophys. Res. (USA), Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, suppl., p. 3187-95, 1991
Weinheimer, A. L.; Carson, T. L.; Wigley, C. R.; Casey, R. E. : Radiolarian responses to Recent and Neogene California El Niño and anti-El Niño events : Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v53 n1, pp 3-25, 1986
Weiss, C. : The ENSO phenomenon: a new tool for predicting climatic change : Ceres, v18 n6, pp 36-38, 1985
Welling, L A; Pisias, N G; Johnson, E S; White, J R : Distribution Of Polycystine Radiolaria And Their Relation To The Physical-Environment During The 1992 El Niño And Following Cold Event : Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies In Oceanography V. 43 No. 4-6 P. 1413, 1996
Wellington, G. M.; Victor, B. C. : El Niño mass coral mortality: a test of resource limitation in a coral reef damselfish population : Oecologia, v68 n1, pp 15-19, 1985
Wells, L.E. : Holocene history of the El Niño phenomenon as recorded in flood sediments of northern coastal Peru : Geology, vol.18, no.11, p. 1134-7, 1990
Wells, L.E. : An alluvial record of El Niño events from northern coastal Peru : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14463-70, 1987
: :
Whetton, P.H. : Relationships between monthly anomalies of sea-surface temperature and mean sea level pressure in the Australian region, (relationships revealed for tropical regions are are intimately associated with the El Niño) : Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.38, no.1, p. 17-30, 1990
Whetton, P.H. ; Rutherfurd, I. : Historical ENSO teleconnections in the eastern hemisphere : Climatic Change, vol.28, no.3, p. 221-53, 1994
White, W.B. : Slow El Niño-Southern Oscillation boundary waves : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.99, no.C11, p. 22737-51, 1994
White, W.B.; He, Y. : Interannual variability in the heat content of the Kuroshio Extension associated with the 1982 ENSO event : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.16, no.2, p. 309-21, 1986
White, W.B.; McCreary, J.P. : Eastern intensification of ocean spin-down: application to El Niño : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.4, no.3, p. 295-303, 1974
White, W.B.; Pazan, S.E.; Inoue, M. : Hindcast/forecast of ENSO events based upon the redistribution of observed and model heat content in the western tropical Pacific, 1964-86 : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.17, no.2, p. 264-80, 1987
White, W.B.; Saur, J.F.T. : Sources of interannual baroclinic waves in the eastern subtropical North Pacific, (Two source mechanisms are hypothesized to have been important to the generation of these waves, i.e., short-term climatic variability in sea level along the eastern boundary, associated with El Niño, and short-term climatic variability in wind-stress curl over the northeast Pacific) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, no.3, p. 531-44, 1983
Whysall, K.D.B.; Cooper, N.S.; Bigg, G.R. : Long-term changes in the tropical Pacific surface wind field, (In the tropical Pacific the dominant climate fluctuation is the ENSO phenomenon, which includes large anomalies in the wind field) : Nature, vol.327, no.6119, p. 216-19, 1987
Wilby, R. : Evidence of ENSO in the synoptic climate of the British Isles since 1880 : Weather, vol.48, no.8, p. 234-9, 1993
Wilson, Michael S. : Trade Winds : Hart's Energy Markets, vol. 1 #4 p. 31-35, November 1996
Wilson, Michael S. : How El Niño affects the US Natural Gas Industry : Offshore Magazine, vol 56 #. 3, p. 38 - 48, March 1996
Wilson, Michael S. : Oh No, El Niño! A Correlation of El Niño Events and the Price of Natural Gas : Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists Outcrop, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 4-5
Wilson, Michael S. : The El Niño Connection: Correlation of El Niño Events with Profit Cycles in the U. S. Natural Gas Industry : Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 28, no. 7, p. A-360
Wimbush, M.; Chiswell, S.M.; Lukas, R.; Donohue, K.A. : Inverted echo sounder measurement of dynamic height through an ENSO cycle in the central equatorial Pacific : IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol.15, no.4, p. 380-3, 1990
Winston, J.S. : Climatic variations in the outgoing longwave radiation of the past decade as observed from NOAA polar orbiting satellites, (A major concentration is on the tropics and subtropics where there have been very substantial radiation variations associated with major shifts in convective cloudiness accompanying ENSO events) : Advances in Space Research, vol.5, no.6, p. 121-5, 1985
: :
Wolff, M. : Population dynamics of the Peruvian scallop Argopecten purpuratus during the El Niño phenomenon of 1983 : Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, v44 n10, pp 1684-1691, 1987
Wolff, W.L.; Smith, R.B. : Length-of-day changes and mountain torque during El Niño : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.44, no.24, p. 3656-60, 1987
Wong, C. S.; Chan, Y.-H.; Page, J. S.; Smith, G. E.; Bellegay, R. D. : Changes in equatorial CO "SUB 2" flux and new production estimated from CO "SUB 2" and nutrient levels in Pacific surface waters during the 1986/87 El Niño : Tellus, Series B, v45B n1, pp 64-79, 1993
Woodhouse, C. A. : Tree-growth response to ENSO events in the central Colorado Front Range : Physical Geography, v14 n5, pp 417-435, 1993
Wootton, J T; Power, M E; Paine, R T; Pfister, C A : Effects Of Productivity, Consumers, Competitors, And El Niño Events On Food-Chain Patterns In A Rocky Intertidal Community : Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America V. 93 No. 24 26 P. 13855-13858, 1996
Wright, W.J. : Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (autumn 1993): a second mature ENSO phase : Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.43, no.3, p. 205-12, 1994
Wright, W.J. : Seasonal climate summary Southern Hemisphere (autumn 1992): signs of a weakening ENSO event : Australian Meteorological Magazine, v42 n4, pp 191-198, 1993
Wu, D.-H.; Anderson, D.L.T.; Davey, M.K. : ENSO variability and external impacts : Journal of Climate, vol.6, no.9, p. 1703-17, 1993
Wu Guoxiong,; Cubasch, U. : The impact of El Niño anomaly on mean meridional circulation and transfer properties of the atmosphere : Scientia Sinica, Series B, v30 n5, pp 533-545, 1987
Wuethrich, B. : El Niño goes critical : New Scientist v. 145, p. 32-5, 1995
Wunsch, C. : Global-scale sea surface variability from combined altimetric and tide gauge measurements, (An estimate of the global difference of sea level change over one year, on very large space scales, shows the effects of the 1987 El Niño) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, no.C8, p. 15053-82, 1991
Wyrtki, K. : Water displacements in the Pacific and the genesis of El Niño Cycles : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, no.C4, p. 7129-32, 1985
Wyrtki, K. : Sea level fluctuations in the Pacific during the 1982-83 El Niño : Geophysical Research Letters, vol.12, no.3, p. 125-8, 1985
Wyrtki, K. : The slope of sea level along the equator during the 1982/1983 El Niño : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.89, no.C6, p. 10419-24, 1984
Wyrtki, K. : The Southern Oscillation, ocean-atmosphere interaction and El Niño : Marine Technology Society Journal, vol.16, no.1, p. 3-10, 1982
Wyrtki, K. : The response of sea surface topography to the 1976 El Niño : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.9, no.6, p. 1223-31 , 1979
Wyrtki, K. : Sea level during the 1972 El Niño : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.7, no.6, p. 779-87, 1977
Wyrtki, K. : Advection in the Peru current as observed by satellite : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.82, no.27, p. 3939-43, 1977
Wyrtki, K. : El Niño-The dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.5, no.4, p. 572-84, 1975
Wyrtki, K.; Stroup, E.; Patzert, W.; Williams, R.; Quinn, W. : Predicting and observing El Niño : Science, vol.191, no.4225, p. 343-6, 1976
Wyrtki, K.; Wenzel, J. : Possible gyre-gyre interaction in the Pacific Ocean, (Using sea-level data the authors demonstrate that the subtropical gyres of the North and South Pacific oscillate with a period of about 4 years and that these oscillations are probably induced by the major El Niño events) : Nature, vol.309, no.5968, p. 538-40, 1984