[ Abe, S.; Iwadate, K.; Goto, Y., | Variations of the vertical derived from astronomical observations and El Nino events, | Marine Geodesy, vol.15, no.1, p. 19-29, 1991. ] [ Aceituno, P, | El Nino, Southern Oscillation, ENSO: Names and the possible confusions for a complex ocean-atmosphere interaction., | Meteorologie (8e Ser.), no. 3, pp. 44-48, 1993. ] [ Acharya, A., | El Nino: fingerprint of climate change?, | World Watch v. 8, July/Aug., p. 6, 1995. ] [ Adamson, D. A.; Whetton, P.; Selkirk, P. M., | An analysis of air temperature records for Macquarie Island: decadal warming, ENSO cooling and Southern Hemisphere circulation patterns, | Papers & Proceedings - Royal Society of Tasmania, v122 n1, pp 107-112, 1988. ] [ Adis, J.; Latif, M, | Amazonian Arthropods Respond To El Nino, | Biotropica V. 28 No. 3 96 Sep P. 403-407, 1996. ] [ Agenbag, J J, | Pacific Enso Events Reflected In Meteorological And Oceanographic Perturbations In The Southern Benguela System, | South African Journal Of Science V. 92 No. 5 P. 243-247, 1996. ] [ Ahmed, Rafiq., | El Nino fails to rock prices. (African soft commodities), | African Business, no232, p. 31-3., 1998. ] [ Aiguo Dai; Trenberth, K.E.; Karl, T.R., | Global variations in droughts and wet spells: 1900-1995, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.25, no.17, p. 3367- 70 . ] [ Alekseeva, L.I.; Semyenov, E.K.; Petrosyants, M.A., | Restructuring of circulation of tropical atmosphere during El Nino 1982-1983, | Soviet Meteorology and Hydrology, no.10, p. 14-22, 1990. ] [ Alekseeva, I. A.; Shishkov, Y. A., | Cyclonic Activity over the North Atlantic and El Nino in the 1980s, | Oceanology, Volume 37, Number 6, p. 731, 1997. ] [ Alexander, M.A., | Midlatitude atmosphere-ocean interaction during El Nino. I. The North Pacific Ocean, | Journal of Climate, vol.5, no.9, p. 944-58, 1992. ] [ Alexander, M.A., | Midlatitude atmosphere-ocean interaction during El Nino. II. The Northern Hemisphere atmosphere, | Journal of Climate, vol.5, no.9, p. 959-72, 1992. ] [ Alexander, M.A., | Simulation of the response of the North Pacific Ocean to the anomalous atmospheric circulation associated with El Nino, | Climate Dynamics, v5 n1, pp 53-65, 1990. ] [ Alexander, M.A., | Simulation of the response of the North Pacific Ocean to the anomalous atmospheric circulation associated with El Nino, | Climate dynamics, v 5 n 1 Page: 53, 1990. ] [ Allan, R.J., | El Nino Southern Oscillation influences in the Australasian region, | Progress in Physical Geography, v12 n3, pp 313-348, 1988. ] [ Allan, R.J.; Beck, K.; Mitchell, W.M., | Sea level and rainfall correlations in Australia: tropical links,| (Zero-lagged patterns show strong links with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon over northern and eastern Australia) : Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.8, p. 838-46, 1990. ] [ Allan, RJ; D'Arrigo, RD, | 'Persistent' EN, | sequences: how unusual was the 1990-1995 El Nino?, | Holocene, p. 101-118, 1999 ] [ Allan, R.J.; Lindesay, J.; Parker, D., | El Nino Southern Oscillation and climatic variability, | Monograph: El Nino Southern Oscillation And Climatic Variability, 416 P. / Publisher: Csiro, Australia, 1996. ] [ Allan, R.J.; Nicholls, N.; Jones, P.D.; Butterworth, I.J., | A further extension of the Tahiti-Darwin SOI, early ENSO events and Darwin pressure, | Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.7, p. 743-9, 1991. ] [ Allan, R.J.; Pariwono, J.I., | Ocean-atmosphere interactions in low-latitude Australasia, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.10, no.2, p. 145-78, 1990. ] [ Anderson, D.J., | Differential responses of boobies and other seabirds in the Galapagos to the 1986-87 El Nino-Southern Oscillation event, | Marine ecology progress series. v 52 n 3 Page: 209, 1989] [ Anderson, D.L.T., | The tropical ocean global atmosphere programme (noting El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), | Contemporary Physics v. 36, p. 245-65, 1995. ] [ Anderson, D.L.T. and Davey, M.K., | Predicting the El Nino of 1997/98, | Weather, vo,. 53, no. 9, p. 303, 1998. ] [ Anderson, D.L.T.; McCreary, J.P., | On the role of the Indian Ocean in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.42, no.22, p. 2439-42, 1985. ] [ Anderson, D.L.T.; McCreary, J.P., | Slowly propagating disturbances in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model,| (This theory is useful for the ENSO phenomena) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.42, no.6, p. 615-29, 1985. ] [ Anderson, J; Hoekstra, J, | El Nino 1998 part II: Cupressaceae., | Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology, p. S93-S93, 1999 ] [ Anderson, J; Hoekstra, J, | El Nino 1998 part I: Tree pollen., | Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology, p. S92-S92, 1999 ] [ Anderson, R.Y., | Long-term changes in the frequency of occurrence of El Nino events, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 193-200 / Editor: Diaz, H.F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ Anderson, R.Y.; Linsley, B.K.; Gardner, J.V., | Expression of seasonal and ENSO forcing in climatic variability at lower than ENSO frequencies: evidence from Pleistocene marine varves off California, | Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecolog, v 78 n 3 / 4 Page: 287, 1990. ] [ Anderson, R.Y.; Soutar, A.; Johnson, T. C., | Long-term changes in El Nino/Southern Oscillation: evidence from marine and lacustrine sediments, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 419-433 / Editor: Diaz, H.F., 1993. ] [ Anderson, W L; Robertson, D M; Magnuson, J J, | Evidence Of Recent Warming And El Nino-Related Variations In Ice Breakup Of Wisconsin Lakes, | Limnology And Oceanography V. 41 No. 5 P. 815-821, 1996. ] [ Andrade Jr, E. R.; Sellers, W. D., | El Nino and its effect on precipitation in Arizona and western New Mexico, | Journal of Climatology, v8 n4, pp 403-410, 1988. ] [ Andrade, J.S., Jr.; Wainer, I.; Mendes Filho, J.; Moreira, J.E., | Self-organized criticality in the El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Physica A, vol.215, no.3, p. 331-8, 1995. ] [ Angell, J.K., | Evidence of a relation between El Nino and QBO, and for an El Nino in 1991-2, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.19, no.3, p. 285-8, 1992. ] [ Angell, J.K., | Impact of El Nino on the delineation of tropospheric cooling due to volcanic eruptions, | Journal of Geophysical Research, v93 D4, pp 3697-3704, 1988. ] [ Angell, J.K., | Variation in global tropospheric temperature after adjustment for the El Nino influence, 1958-89, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.17, no.8, p. 1093-6, 1990. ] [ Angell, J.K.; Korshover, J., | Displacements of the north circumpolar vortex during El Nino, 1963-83, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.113, no.9, p. 1627-30, 1985. ] [ Angell, J.K.; Korshover, J., | Some long-term relations between equatorial sea-surface temperature, the four centers of action and 700 mb flow,| (The only evidence of a precursor to warm equatorial SST (El Nino) is the relatively small distance between the centers of the Aleutian Low and Pacific High two seasons before warmest SST) : Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, vol.23, no.9, p. 1326-32, 1984. ] [ Angell, J.K.; Korshover, J., | Variability in United States cloudiness and its relation to El Nino, | Journal of Climate & Applied Meteorology, v26 n5, pp 580-584, 1987. ] [ Anononymous, | El Nino link with African horse sickness, | Veterinary Record 144: (9) 219-219 FEB 27 1999. ] [ Anononymous, | Scientists find El Nino-like climate fluctuations became more common 5000 years ago, | Bulletin of the American Meterological Society 80: (3) 492-493 MAR 19. ] [ Anononymous, | Study by NOAA scientists could lead to better predictions of El Nino, commerce agency say, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 80: (4) 709-710 APR 1999. ] [ Anononymous, | Oceans retain more carbon dioxide during El Nino events, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80: (6) 1175-1176 JUN 1999. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino and climate more predictable than previously thought, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, p. 2816-2816, 1998 ] [ Anonymous, | The first El Nino observed and forecasted from start to finish, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, p. 111-112, 1999 ] [ Anonymous, | Workshop Assesses 1997-1998 El Nino from Pacific Climate Perspectives, | Eos. Volume 79, Number 36, pp. 430, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Confronting El Nino., | Soldiers. Volume 53, Number 5, pp. 36, May 01, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Earth - Cream-puff craters, invisible comets, El Nino nails us again, the vanishing Mediterranean, Montserrat suffers, the hot mantle, and missing plate found, | Discover., pp. 80 , January, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Earth Science - Life got a kick out of dreary years Global warming eggs on El Nino, | Science news. Volume 153, Number 25, pp. 399, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino Drives Spectacular Flower Show, | Science. Volume 280, Number 5372, pp. 2048, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino Has Produced a Bumper Crop of Bugs, | Pest control. Volume 66, Number 6, pp. 52, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino rides again., | Farm journal. Volume 121, Number 9, pp. 20, July 01, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino vs. El Gore., | U.S. news & world report. Volume 124, Number 24, pp. 58, June 22, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Forecast for El Nino, | Popular science. Volume 253, Number 2, pp. 58, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | METEOROLOGY: Blowing Hot and Cold - Even as the U.S. swelters in the last days of the great El Nino of 1998, its unruly sister--La Nina--is brewing in the Pacific, | Time., pp. 52, July 27, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Outguessing El Nino. Commodities traders worry., | U.S. news & world report. Volume 123, Number 22, pp. 87, December 08, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | PCOs May Clean Up with El Nino Rodent Increase, | Pest control. Volume 66, Number 8, pp. 50, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | The Wrath of El Nino., | U.S. news & world report. Volume 123, Number 13, pp. 16, October 06, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | Topex captures La Nina in equatorial Pacific - Image adds weight to view that El Nino is giving way to its opposite, | Aviation week & space technology. Volume 149, Number 4, pp. 27, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Warm (El Nino) Episode Conditions Return to the Tropical Pacific., | Mariners weather log / Volume 41, Number 1, pp. 4, Spring, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | World: Killer tornadoes in Florida and heavy rains in California show the power of this year's El Nino., | Maclean's. Volume 111, Number 10, pp. 30, March 09, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | One Week: El Nino all the time., | U.S. news & world report. Volume 124, Number 9, pp. 7, March 09, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino clouds astronomers' skies., | Sky and Telescope, v. 96 no1, p. 19., 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | And You Thought El Nino Was A Problem, | Ieee Concurr, 6: (1) 94-94 Jan-Mar 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino Conditions Still Powerful Throughout North America, | World Fisheries, 23: (4) 32-32 Apr 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino Impacts On West Coast Fisheries Mixed, | Fisheries, 23: (4) 32-33 Apr 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino In The Frame For Pacific Temperature And Height Increases, | Nature, 392: (6675) 426-426 Apr 2 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino Still Going Strong, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79: (4) 673-674 Apr 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Global Warming And El Nino, | Oil and Gas Journal, 96: (24) 17-17 Jun 15 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | NASA To Study El Nino, | R&D Mag, 40: (7) 59-59 Jun 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | NOAA To Fund Studies Of El Nino'S Effects On Us Coastal Areas, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79: (3) 482-482 Mar 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Adios, El Nino!, | Wallaces farmer, volume 123, number 12, pp. 54, September 01, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino: What is it? , | The Lamp, volume 80, number 2, pp. 11, Summer 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino stirs up trouble, | All hands, number 972, pp. 14, April 01, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino's Plans for Fruit, | Western fruit grower, volume 118, number 4, pp. 29, April 01, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Flood Control: The prospect of severe winter weather caused by El Nino blows up political storm over maintenance, | Engineering news-record, volume 239, number 17, pp. 25, October 27, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | Regulars - Back to Basics - El Nino, | Geographical : the Royal Geographical Society magazine, pp. 58, September 1999. ] [ Anonymous, | ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Does a Globe-Girdling Disturbance Jigger El Nino?, | Science, volume 285, number 5426, pp. 322, 1999. ] [ Anonymous, | DOSSIER - 2. The trio that calls the tune - All eyes on El Nino, | The Unesco courier, volume 52, number 5, pp. 30, 1999. ] [ Anonymous, | Soaked by El Nino, SFO tackles expansion - Weather phenomenon causes record flight delays, | Aviation week & space technology, volume 150, number 18, pp. 58, 1999. ] [ Anonymous, | The Editors Recommend - The future of human evolution, El Nino and more, | Scientific American, volume 280, number 5, pp. 103, 1999. ] [ Anonymous, | Also in this issue - Will the Real El Nino Please Stand Up?, | Weatherwise, volume 52, number 2, pp. 25, 1999. ] [ Anonymous, | Earth Science - Did El Nino make societies bloom? Global warming: No urban myth, | Science news, volume 155, number 7, pp. 107, 1999. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino Grew Strong As Cultures Were Born, | Science, volume 283, number 5401, pp. 467, 1999. ] [ Anonymous, | Foreign banks are offering a glimmer of hope despite the spreading financial crisis and El Nino, | The Banker, volume 149, number 875, pp. 55, 1999. ] [ Anonymous, | Central U.S. quake threat debated The swell side of El Nino, | Science news, volume 154, number 25, pp. 400, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino and its health impacts (From WHO fact sheet May, 1998), | The Journal of communicable diseases, volume 29, number 4 pp. 375, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino boosts drug demand in Peru, | Scrip. Number 2354, pp. 16, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino in Latin America: three pages of bad weather and its consequences, | The Economist, Volume 347, Number 8067, pp. 35, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Blame it on El Nino, | Geotimes, Volume 43, Number 6, pp. 6, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Allergies worse? Blame it on El Nino, | Patient care, Volume 32, Number 10, pp. 7, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | International cooperation to reduce the impact of the El Nino phenomenon, | Environmental policy and law, Volume 28, Number 1, pp. 47, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | An El Nino drubbing, | Engineering and mining journal, Volume 199, Number 5, pp. 16, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino: The Month of Reckoning - Photos from a wild and stormy February, | Weatherwise, Volume 51, Number 3, pp. 14, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | What You Haven't Heard About El Nino, | Consumers' research magazine, Volume 81, Number 4, pp. 23, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Blame El Nino - Spring allergy season said to be worse than usual in the wake of some merciless winter weather, | Drug topics, Volume 142, Number 8, pp. 60, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Environment - El Nino benefits, | Research & development, Volume 40, Number 5, pp. 9, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Poll Readings: Views on the American Scene - Nearly three-quarters of us say we've been affected to some extent by El Nino, | National journal, Volume 30, Number 15, pp. 825, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Earth Science - Water, water, way up high . El Nino keeps clutch on climate, | Science news, Volume 153, Number 13, pp. 200, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | Surf's Up! Thanks, El Nino - Godzilla waves turned winter into a wonderland for the sport, | Time, pp. 56, March 30, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino: Seeing Rough Weather Ahead, | Newsweek, Volume 131, Number 10, pp. 52, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino: The Last Laugh - What comedians once called "El No Show" suddenly doesn't seem so funny as storms lash the East and West Coasts of the U.S. Scientists now say the biggest El Nino in a century may be a symptom of deeper changes caused by global warming, | Time, pp. 66, February 16, 1998. ] [ Anonymous, | VIEWPOINT: Charles Krauthammer on El Nino, | Time, pp. 86, November 17, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino Slows Greenhouse Gas Buildup?, | Science, Volume 278, Number 5339, pp. 802, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | Spying on El Nino, | Science news, Volume 152, Number 17, pp. 268, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino cooks up unusual hurricane season, | Science news, Volume 152, Number 16, pp. 245, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | Science: Searching for El Nino, | Newsweek, Volume 130, Number 14, pp. 54, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | Scientists Aim to Translate El Nino Data into Mitigation Efforts, | Eos, Volume 78, Number 39, pp. 417, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | Tempest in the Pacific - Climatologists see evidence of a major El Nino in the making, | Time, pp. 56, August 18, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | El Nino and the world's climate, | The Economist, Volume 344, Number 8026, pp. 87, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | Cautious response to El Nino predictions, | Nature, Volume 388, Number 6638, pp. 108, 1997. ] [ Anonymous, | Using What Science Learns About El Nino, | The Chronicle of Higher Education, Volume 41, Number 48, p. A7, August 11, 1995. ] [ Anyamba, A; Eastman, J R, | Interannual Variability Of NDVI Over Africa And Its Relation To El Nino Southern Oscillation, | International Journal Of Remote Sensing V. 17 No. 13 10 P. 2533-2548, 1996. ] [ Ardanuy, P.E.; Cuddapah, P.; Kyle, H.L., | Remote sensing of water vapor convergence, deep convection, and precipitation over the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1982-3 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14204-16, 1987. ] [ Ardanuy, P.E.; Kyle, H.L., | El Nino and outgoing longwave radiation: observations from Nimbus-7 ERB, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.2, p. 415-33, 1986. ] [ Ardanuy, P.E.; Kyle, H.L.; Hucek, R.R.; Groveman, B.S., | Nimbus 7 Earth Radiation Budget wide field of view climate data set improvement. I. Deconvolution of Earth Radiation Budget products and consideration of 1982-3 El Nino event, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.D4, p. 4125-43, 1987. ] [ Arduino, G., | Water resources aspects of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon, | WMO bulletin, volume 48, number 3, pp. 273, 1999. ] [ Arkin, P.A.; Janowiak, J.E., | The global climate for December 1985-February 1986: conflicting ENSO signals observed in the equatorial Pacific, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.1, p. 297-316, 1987. ] [ Armstrong, J. K.; Williams, K.; Huenneke, L. F.; Mooney, H. A., | Topographic position effects on growth depression of California Sierra Nevada pines during the 1982 -83 El Nino, | Arctic & Alpine Research, v20 n3, pp 352-357, 1988. ] [ Arntz, W. E., | El Nino and Peru: positive aspects, | Oceanus, v27 n2, pp 36-39, 1984. ] [ Arntz, W. E.; Pearcy, W. G.; Trillmich, F., | Biological Consequences of the 1982-83 El Nino in the Eastern Pacific, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 22-44, 1991. ] [ Arntz, W. E.; Tarazona, J., | Effects of El Nino 1982-83 on benthos, fish and fisheries off the South American Pacific coast, | Monograph: In: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 323-360 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Arntz, W. E.; Tarazona, J.; Gallardo, V. A.; Flores, L. A.; Salzwedel, H., | Benthos communities in oxygen deficient shelf and upper slope areas of the Peruvian and Chilean Pacific coast, and changes caused by El Nino, | Monograph: Modern And Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia, Pp 131-154 / Editor: Tyson, R.V.; Pearson, T.H., 1991. ] [ Ascencio-Parvy, J.M.; Gaudry, A.; Lambert, G., | Year-to-year CO/sub 2/ variations at Amsterdam Island in 1980-83,| (The natural evasion of oceanic CO/sup 2/ following the 1982/1983 El Nino event could account for a part of the anomalous change) : Geophysical Research Letters, vol.11, no.12, p. 1215-17, 1984. ] [ Aurioles, D.; Le Boeuf, B. J., | Effects of the El Nino 1982-1983 on California Sea Lions in Mexico, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 112-118, 1991. ] [ Bacastow, R.B.; Adams, J.A.; Keeling, C.D.; Moss, D.J.; Whorf, T.P.; Wong, C.S., | Atmospheric carbon dioxide, the southern oscillation, and the weak 1975 El Nino, | Science, vol.210, no.4465, p. 66-8, 1980. ] [ Bacher, A.; Oberhuber, J.M.; Roeckner, E., | ENSO dynamics and seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific as simulated by the ECHAM4/OPYC3 coupled general circulation model, | Max-Planck-Inst. Meteorol., Report No: 199, 1996. ] [ Bailey JS: | Temperature anomalies in high northerly latitudes and their link with the El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Annales Geophysics-Atmospheric Hydrodynamics, 16: (11) 1523-1526, 1998. ] [ Baker, D. James., | The need for a comprehensive Global Ocean Observing System., | Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 31, p. 6-7., 1998. ] [ Baker-Blocker, A.; Bouwer, S. D., | El Nino: evidence for climatic nondeterminism?, | Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics, & Bioclimatology, Series B, v34 n1-2, pp 65-73, 1984. ] [ Baldwin, MP; O'Sullivan, D, | Stratospheric effects of ENSO-related tropospheric circulation anomalies, | J. CLim., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 649-667, 1995. ] [ Balmaseda, M.A.; Anderson, D.L.T.; Davey, M.K., | ENSO prediction using a dynamical ocean model coupled to statistical atmospheres, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.46A, no.4, p. 497-511, 1994. ] [ Balmaseda, M.A.; Davey, M.K.; Anderson, D.L.T., | Decadal and seasonal dependence of ENSO prediction skill, | Journal of Climate, vol.8, no.11, p. 2705-15, 1995. ] [ Baosen, L., | The Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes over the Western Tropical pacific and Its Relationship to ENSO, | Advances in atmospheric sciences, v 6 n 4 Page: 467, 1989. ] [ Barber, R T; Sanderson, M P; Lindley, S T; Chai, F; Newton, J; Trees, C C; Foley, D G; Chavez, F P, | Primary Productivity And Its Regulation In The Equatorial Pacific During And Following The 1991-1992 El Nino, | Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies 43 No. 4-6 P. 933-969, 1996. ] [ Barber, R.T.; Chavez, F.P., | Biological consequences of El Nino, | Science, v222 n4629, pp 1203-1210, 1983. ] [ Barber, R.T.; Chavez, F.P., | Ocean variability in relation to living resources during the 1982-83 El Nino, | Nature, vol.319, no.6051, p. 279-85, 1986. ] [ Barber, R.T.; Kogelschatz, J. E., | Nutrients and productivity during the 1982/83 El Nino, | Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 21-53 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Barnett, T.; Graham, N.; Cane, M.; Zebiak, S.; Dolan, S.; O'Brien, J.; Legler, D., | On the prediction of the El Nino of 1986-1987, | Science, vol.241, no.4862, p. 192-6, 1988. ] [ Barnett, T.P., | An attempt to verify some theories of El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.7, no.5, p. 633-47, 1977. ] [ Barnett, T.P., | Interaction of the monsoon and Pacific trade wind system at interannual time scales. III. A partial anatomy of the Southern Oscillation, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.112, no.12, p. 2388-400, 1984. ] [ Barnett, T.P., | On ENSO physics, | Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.5, p. 487-515, 1991. ] [ Barnett, T.P., | Prediction of the El Nino of 1982-3, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.112, no.7, p. 1403-7, 1984. ] [ Barnett, T.P., | The interaction of multiple time scales in the tropical climate system, | Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.3, p. 269-85, 1991. ] [ Barnett, T.P.; Bengtsson, L.; Arpe, K.; Flugel, M.; Graham, N.; Latif, M.; Ritchie, J.; Roeckner, E.; Schlese, U.; Schulzweida, U.; Tyree, M., | Forecasting global ENSO-related climate anomalies, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.46A, no.4, p. 381-97, 1994. ] [ Barnett, T.P.; Latif, M.; Graham, N.; Flugel, M.; Pazan, S.; White, W., | ENSO and ENSO-related predictability. I. Prediction of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature with ahybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model, | Journal of Climate, vol.6, no.8, p. 1545-66, 1993. ] [ Barnett, T.P.; Preisendorfer, R., | Origins and levels of monthly and seasonal forecast skill for United States surface air temperatures determined by canonical correlation analysis,| (one of the factors in forecast skill is related to the ENSO phenomena : Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.9, p. 1825-50, 1987. ] [ Barnston, A.G., Glantz, M.H., He, Y.X. | Predictive skill of statistical and dynamical climate models in SST forecasts during the 1997-98 El Nino episode and the 1998 La Nina onset, | Bulletin of the American Meterological Society 80: (2) 217-243 FEB 1999. ] [ Barnston, A.G., | The global climate for March-May 1986: continued uncertainty about the possible onset of an ENSO episode, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.1, p. 317-35, 1987. ] [ Barnston, A.G.; Ropelewski, C.F., | Prediction of ENSO episodes using canonical correlation analysis, | Journal of Climate, vol.5, no.11, p. 1316-45, 1992. ] [ Barrett, CB, | The value of imperfect ENSO information: Discussion, | American Journal of Agricultural Economics, p. 1109-1112, 1998 ] [ Barrow, John, | National Curriculum review - Science notes - El Nino, | The School science review. Number 291, pp. 86, 1998. ] [ Barton, I.J., | Upper level cloud climatology from an orbiting satellite,| (As an example of year-to-year variation the monthly distributions for each January are discussed in relation to the 1972-73 El Nino phenomena) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.40, no.2, p. 435-47, 1983. ] [ Bauer, S.T.; Brown, M.G., | Empirical low-order ENSO dynamics, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.19, no.20, p. 2055-8, 1992. ] [ Baylis, M; Mellor, PS; Meiswinkel, R, | Horse sickness and ENSO in South Africa, | Nature, p. 574-574, 1999 ] [ Beard, G, | Seasonal Climate Summary Southern Hemisphere (Autumn 1997): Rapid Onset Of A Negative Phase Of The Southern Oscillation (El Nino), | Australian Meteorological Magazine, 47: (1) 55-62 Mar 1998. ] [ Beard, G. S., | Seasonal climate summary Southern Hemisphere (spring 1991): a maturing El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, v42 n2, pp 81-86, 1993. ] [ Behrend, H., | Teleconnections of rainfall anomalies and of the Southern Oscillation over the entire tropics and their seasonal dependence, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.39A, no.2, p. 138-51, 1987. ] [ Behringer, D.W., | Equatorial modes in the eastern Pacific (85 degrees W),| (This time period includes the onset of the 1982/1983 El Nino) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.89, no.C3, p. 3729-31, 1984. ] [ Bell, A., | El Nino, and prospects for drought prediction, | CSIRO Environmental Research, v49, pp 12-18, 1986. ] [ Bell, G.D.; Basist, A.N., | The global climate of December 1992-February 1993. I. Warm ENSO conditions continue in the tropical Pacific; California drought abates, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.10, p. 1581-605, 1994. ] [ Bell, G.D.; Halpert, M.S., | Seasonal climate summary. The Global climate of March-May 1991: anomalous low-frequency fluctuations dominate the midlatitudes: ENSO becomes established in the tropics, | Journal of Climate, vol.6, no.7, p. 1413-33, 1993. ] [ Bendix, J. | Precipitation dynamics in Ecuador and northern Peru during the 1991/92 El Nino: a remote sensing perspective , | International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol 21, Iss 3, pp 533-548, 2000. ] [ Bendex, J., | The climatology of the El Nino phenomenon on the West Coast of South America, | Abhandlungen - mathematisch-Naturwissehaftlichen Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, v2, pp 51-64, 1994. ] [ Benno Blumenthal, M., | Predictability of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model,| (Presents an analysis of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model used to study ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) and the growth of initial error: that is, the predictability of ENSO) : Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.8, p. 766-84, 1991. ] [ Berestov, A.L.; Burkov, V.A.; Kharlamov, O.; Kondrateva, O.V.; Gouskina, R.I., | Variability of hydrophysical fields in the Western Pacific and its relation to El Nino, | OCEANS 94. Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation. Proceedings (Cat. No.94CH3472-8), p. 3 vol. (xl+905+xl+727+xl+630), II/418-22 vol.2, 1994. ] [ Bergeron, L., | Will El Nino become El Hombre?, | New Scientist v. 149, p. 15, 1996. ] [ Bergman, K.H., | The global climate of September-November 1986: a moderate ENSO warming develops in the tropical Pacific, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.10, p. 2524-41, 1987. ] [ Berri, G.J.; Flamenco, E.A., | Seasonal volume forecast of the Diamante river, Argentina, based on El Nino observations and predictions, | Water Resources Research, Vol 35, Iss 12, pp 3803-3810, 1999. ] [ Betsill, Mm; Glantz, Mh; Crandall, K, | Preparing For El Nino: What Role For Forecasts, | Environment, 39: (10) 6-+ Dec 1997 . ] [ Bhalme, H.N.; Jadhav, S.K., | The Southern Oscillation and its relation to the monsoon rainfall, | Journal of Climatology, vol.4, no.5, p. 509-20, 1984. ] [ Bhalme, H.N.; Sikder, A.B.; Jadhav, S.K., | Coupling between the El Nino and planetary-scale waves and their linkage with the Indian monsoon rainfall, | Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.44, no.1-4, p. 293-305, 1990. ] [ Bhalme, H.N.; Sikder, A.B.; Jadhav, S.K., | Relationships between planetary-scale waves, Indian monsoon rainfall and ENSO, | Mausam, vol.41, no.2, p. 279-84, 1990. ] [ Bigg, G. R., | The El Nino event of 1991-94, | Weather, Volume 50, Number 4, p. 117, 1995. ] [ Bigg, G.R., | El Nino and the Southern Oscillation, | Weather, vol.45, no.1, p. 2-8, 1990. ] [ Bigg, G.R.; Blundell, J. R., | The Equatorial Pacific Ocean prior to and during El Nino of 1982/83 - a normal mode model view, | Quarterly journal of the royal meteorological s, v 115 n 489 Page: 1039, 1989. ] [ Bigg, G.R.; Inoue, M., | Rossby waves and El Nino during 1935-46, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.118, no.503, p. 125-52, 1992. ] [ Bin Li,; Clarke, A. J., | An examination of some ENSO mechanisms using interannual sea level at the eastern and western equatorial boundaries and the zonally averaged equatorial wind, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, v24 n3, pp 681-690, 1994. ] [ Blanchot, J.; Rodier, M.; Le Bouteiller, A., | Effect of El Nino Southern Oscillation events on the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton in the Western Pacific tropical ocean along 165 degrees E, | Journal of Plankton Research, v14 n1, pp 137-156, 1992. ] [ Blanchot, J; Rodier, M, | Picophytoplankton Abundance And Biomass In The Western Tropical Pacific-Ocean During The 1992 El Nino Year Results From Flow-Cytometry, | Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers V. 43 No. 6 P. 877-895, 1996. ] [ Blanck, H.F., | Using TOPEX satellite El Nino altimetry data to introduce thermal expansion and heat capacity concepts in chemistry courses, | Journal of Chemical Education, Vol 76, Iss 12, pp 1635-1638, 1999. ] [ Blouin, M, | Astronomy - El Nino Brings Winter Of Discontent, | Science, 280: (5361) 203-203 Apr 10 1998. ] [ Boersma, Pd, | Population Trends Of The Galapagos Penguin: Impacts Of El Nino And La Nina, | Condor, 100: (2) 245-253 May 1998. ] [ Boiseau, M, et al., | Atmospheric and oceanic evidences of El Nino Southern Oscillation events in the south central Pacific Ocean from coral stable isotopic records over the last 137 years, | Paleoceanography, p. 671-685, 1998 ] [ Bojkov, R.D., | The 1983 and 1985 anomalies in ozone distribution in perspective,| (brief overview of some circulation patterns of the 1983/5 period is provided as a background for discussing the relative roles of the ENSO) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.10, p. 2187-201, 1987. ] [ Boness, D. J.; Oftedal, O. T.; Ono, K. A., | The Effect of El Nino on Pup Development in the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) I. Early Postnatal Growth, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 173-179, 1991. ] [ Bongers, T.; Wyrtki, K., | Sea level at Tahiti-a minimum of variability,| (only the 1982-3 El Nino event is clearly apparent in the data) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.17, no.1, p. 164-8, 1987. ] [ Bonsal, B.R.; Lawford, R.G., | Teleconnections between El Nino and La Nina events and summer extended dry spells on the Canadian prairies, | International Journal of Climatology, Vol 19, Iss 13, pp 1445-1458, 1999. ] [ Boulanger, J.-P.; Menkes, C., | Propagation and reflection of long equatorial waves in the Pacific Ocean during the 1992-1993 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.100, no.C12, p. 25041-59, 1995. ] [ Bouma, M.J.; Dye, C., | Cycles of Malaria Associated With El Nino in Venezuela, | JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 278, Number 21, pp. 1772, 1997. ] [ Bouma, M J; Vanderkaay, H J, | Epidemic malaria in India and the El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Lancet, v. 344, p. 1638-9, 1994. ] [ Bouma, M J; Vanderkaay, H J, | The El Nino Southern Oscillation And The Historic Malaria Epidemics On The Indian Subcontinent And Sri-Lanka An Early Warning System For Future Epidemics, | Tropical Medicine & International Health V. 1 No. 1 P. 86-96, 1996. ] [ Bove, M.C., O'Brien, J.J., | Impacts Of ENSO On United States Tornadic Activity, | Available Online, 1997. ] [ Boyd, J.P., | The nonlinear equatorial Kelvin wave, | (The Kelvin waves involved in El Nino, however, are significantly distorted both in shape and speed) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.10, no.1, p. 1-11, 1980. ] [ Bradford, Michael., | U.S. battered on both coasts by series of winter storms. (insurance claims after series of El Nino-fueled storms), | Business Insurance, v. 32, p. 1., 1998. ] [ Bradley, R.S.; Diaz, H.F.; Kiladis, G.N.; Eischeid, J.K., | ENSO signal in continental temperature and precipitation records, | Nature, vol.327, no.6122, p. 497-501, 1987. ] [ Brahmananda Rao, V.; De Brito, J.I.B., | Teleconnections between the rainfall over Northeast Brazil and the winter circulation of Northern Hemisphere,| (The occurrence of PNA pattern is interpreted as a connection between the Northern Hemisphere winter circulation and NE Brazil rainfall because of the ENSO phenomena) : Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol.123, no.6, p. 951-9, 1985. ] [ Brahmananda Rao, V.; Satyamurty, P.; Ivaldo, J.; De Brito, B., | On the 1983 drought in north-east Brazil,| (Rainfall anomalies over NE Brazil are related to the Southern Oscillation and sst anomalies in the tropical Atlantic Ocean) : Journal of Climatology, vol.6, no.1, p. 43-51, 1986. ] [ Brock, R. G., | El Nino and world climate: piecing together the puzzle, | Environment, v26 n3, pp 14-20,37-39, 1984. ] [ Brodeur, R. D.; Gadomski, D. M.; Pearcy, W. G.; Batchelder, H. P.; Miller, C. B., | Abundance and distribution of ichthyoplankton in the upwelling zone off Oregon during anomalous El Nino conditions, | Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Science, v21 n3, pp 365-378, 1985. ] [ Brook, G.A.; Rafter, M.A.; Railsback, L.B.; Sheen, S.W.; Lundberg, J., | A high-resolution proxy record of rainfall and ENSO since AD 1550 from layering in stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar, | Holocene, Vol 9, Iss 6, pp 695-705, 1999. ] [ Brown, B. E.; Suharsono, | Damage and recovery of coral reefs affected by El Nino related seawater warming in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia, | Coral Reefs : Journal of the International Society for Reef Studies, Volume 8, Number 4, p. 163, 1990. ] [ Brugge, R., | Meteorology and the Internet - El Nino, | Weather, Volume 53, Number 9, 314, 1998. ] [ Budin, G.R., | Interannual variability of Australian snowfall,| (exceptionally high snow depth years are often followed by a low snow depth year, which tend to occur during an El Nino) : Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.33, no.3, p. 145-59, 1985. ] [ Bunkers, M.J.; Miller, J.R., Jr.; DeGaetano, A.T., | An examination of El Nino-La Nina-related precipitation and temperature anomalies across the Northern Plains, | Journal of Climate, vol.9, no.1, p. 147-60, 1996 . ] [ Burgers, G., | The El Nino stochastic oscillator, | Climate dynamics, volume 15, number 7, pp. 521, 1999. ] [ Burgers, G., Stephenson, D.B. | The "normality" of El Nino, | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (8) 1027-1030 APR 15 1999. ] [ Busalacchi, A.J.; Cane, M.A., | Hindcasts of sea level variations during the 1982-83 El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.15, no.2, p. 213-21, 1985. ] [ Busalacchi, A.J.; O'Brien, J.J., | An ocean model which predicts El Nino ( Pacific Ocean), | Monograph: Recent Progress In Equatorial Oceanography: A Report Of The Final Meeting Of Scor Working Group 47, Venice, 1981, PP 75-86, Editor: Mccreary Jr, J.P.; Et Al, 1981. ] [ Busalacchi, A.J.; Takeuchi, K.; O'Brien, J.J., | Interannual variability of the equatorial Pacific-revisited,| (The additional 8 years include the 1972 and 1976 Los Ninos and the aborted event of 1975) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.88, no.C12, p. 7551-62, 1983. ] [ Butler, J. H.; Elkins, J. W.; Thompson, T. M., | Tropospheric and Dissolved N "SUB 2" O of the West Pacific and East Indian Oceans during the El Nino Southern Oscillation Event of 1987, | Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres : v 94 n 12 Page: 14865, 1989. ] [ Cagle, John; Waddoups, Arlo, | Planning for a New Type of Natural Disaster: El Nino Phenomenon Brings Innovative Approaches, | Public roads, Volume 62, Number 1, pp. 37, 1998. ] [ Campbell, L.; Hongbin Liu; Nolla, H.A.; Vaulot, D., | Annual variability of phytoplankton and bacteria in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean at Station ALOHA during the 1991- 1994 ENSO event, | Deep-Sea Research, Part I, v44/2, 167-192, 1997. ] [ Cane, M A ; Clement, A ; Kaplan, A ; Kushnir, Y ; Pozdnyakov, D ; Seager, R ; Zebiak, S E ; Murtugudde, R, | 20th-Century Sea-Surface Temperature Trends, | Science V. 275 No. 5302 97 Feb 14 P. 957-960, 1996. ] [ Cane, M.A., | El Nino, | Monograph: Annual Review Of Earth And Planetary Sciences. Vol. 14, PP 43-70 / Editor: Wetherill, G.W.; et al., 1986. ] [ Cane, M.A., | Modeling sea level during El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.14, no.12, p. 1864-74, 1984. ] [ Cane, M.A., | Oceanographic events during El Nino, | Science, vol.222, no.4629, p. 1189-95, 1983. ] [ Cane, M.A.; Munnich, M.; Zebiak, S.E., | A study of self-excited oscillations of the tropical ocean-atmosphere system. I. Linear analysis,| (Results for implications for El Nino and the Southern Oscillation are discussed) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.47, no.13, p. 1562-77, 1990. ] [ Cane, M.A.; Zebiak, S.E., | A theory for El Nino and the Southern Oscillation, | Science, vol.228, no.4703, p. 1085-7, 1985. ] [ Cane, M.A.; Zebiak, S.E.; Dolan, S.C., | Experimental forecasts of El Nino, | Nature, vol.321, no.6073, p. 827-32, 1986. ] [ Caron, JM; O'Brien, JJ, | The generation of synthetic sea surface temperature data for the equatorial Pacific Ocean, | Monthly Weather Review, 126: (11) 2809-2821 NOV 1998. ] [ Carrasco, S.; Santander, H., | The El Nino event and its influence on the zooplankton off Peru, | Journal of Geophysical Research, v92 C13, pp 14,405-14,410, 1987. ] [ Carriquiry, J. D.; Risk, M. J.; Schwarcz, H. P., | Stable isotope geochemistry of corals from Costa Rica as proxy indicators of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), | Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v58 n1, pp 335-351, 1994. ] [ Carriquiry, J. D.; Risk, M. J.; Schwarcz, H. P., | Erratum to J. D. Carriquiry, M. J. Risk and H. P. Schwarcz "Stable isotope geochemistry of corals from Costa Rica as a proxy indicator of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO).", | Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, Volume 59, Number 9, p. 1904, 1995. ] [ Castilla, J. C.; Camus, P. A., | The Humboldt - El Nino scenario: coastal benthic resources and anthropogenic influences, with particular reference to the 1982/83 ENSO, | South African Journal of Marine Science, v12, pp 703-712, 1992. ] [ Caviedes, C.N., | El Nino 1982-83, | Geographical Review, v74 n3, pp 267-290, 1984. ] [ Caviedes, C.N., | Emergency and institutional crisis in Peru during El Nino 1982-1983, | Disasters, v9 n1, pp 70-74, 1985. ] [ Caviedes, C.N., | Five hundred years of hurricanes in the Caribbean: their relationship with global climatic variabilities,| (it is found that lesser numbers of hurricanes occur during El Nino conditions in the tropical Pacific and increased numbers tend to develop during Anti-Nino episodes) : GeoJournal, vol.23, no.4, p. 301-10, 1991. ] [ Caviedes, C.N., | Geography and the lessons from El Nino, | Professional Geographer, v36 n4, pp 428-436, 1984. ] [ Caviedes, C.N.; Waylen, P. R., | Anomalous westerly winds during El Nino events: the discovery and colonization of Easter Island, | Applied Geography, v13 n2, pp 123-134, 1993. ] [ Caviedes, C.N.; Waylen, P. R., | El Nino and annual floods in the rivers of the north of Peru, | Bulletin - Institut Francais des Etudes Andines, v16 n1-2, pp 1-19, 1987. ] [ Cayan, D. R.; Webb, R. H., | El Nino / Southern Oscillation and streamflow in the western United States, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 29-68 / Editor: Diaz, H.F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ Ceniceros, Roberto., | El Nino's wrath not hurting insurers for now., | Business Insurance, v. 32 no9, p. 1., 1998. ] [ Chambers, DP; Tapley, BD; Stewart, RH, | Anomalous warming in the Indian Ocean coincident with El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, p. 3035-3047, 1999 ] [ Chan, J.C.L., | Tropical cyclone activity in the northwest Pacific in relation to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.113, no.4, p. 599-606, 1985. ] [ Chandra, S; Ziemke, Jr; Min, W, Et Al., | Effects Of 1997-1998 El Nino On Tropospheric Ozone And Water Vapor, | Geophys Res Lett, 25: (20) 3867-3870 Oct 15 1998. ] [ Chang Ping; Ji Link; Li Hong; Flugel, M., | Chaotic dynamics versus stochastic processes in El Nino - Southern Oscillation in coupled ocean-atmosphere models, | Physica D, vol.98, no.2-4, p. 301-20, 1996 . ] [ Chang, H.-R.; Webster, P.J., | Energy accumulation and emanation at low latitudes. II. Nonlinear response to strong episodic equatorial forcing, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.47, no.22, p. 2624-44, 1990. ] [ Chang, P; Battisti, D, | The Physics Of El Nino, | Phys World, 11: (8) 41-47 Aug 1998. ] [ Changnon D, Creech T, Marsili N, et al. | Interactions with a weather-sensitive decision maker: A case study incorporating ENSO information into a strategy for purchasing natural gas | Bulletin of the American Meteorlogical Society 80: (6) 1117-1125 JUN 1999. ] [ Chao Jiping; Wang Xiaoxi; Chen Yingyi; Wang Lizhi, | Monthly and seasonal numerical forecasts by using the anomaly ocean-atmosphere coupled model,| (Monthly predictions for eight winter months during 1976-77 and 1982-3 El Nino events were performed by using a three-layer anomalous filtered model (AFM) in which transient Rossby waves were filtered) : Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.44, no.4, p. 417-25, 1986. ] [ Chao Jiping; Zhang Renhe, | The air-sea interaction waves in the tropics and their instabilities,| (a possible explanation to ENSO events is given in terms of the air-sea interaction waves) : Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.48, no.1, p. 46-54, 1990. ] [ Chao, B. F., | Length-of-Day Variations Caused by El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, | Science, v 243 n 4893 Page: 923, 1989 . ] [ Chao, S.-Y., | El Nino modulation of the South China Sea circulation, | Oceanographic Literature Review; v44, n8, p795, 1997. ] [ Chapman Conference on El Nino, | Chapman Conference on El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, 1987. ] [ Chavez, F.P., | Forcing and biological impact of onset of the 1992 El Nino in central California, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, no.3, p. 265-8, 1996. ] [ Chavez, F.P.; Barber, R.T.; Soldi, H., | Propagated temperature changes during onset and recovery of the 1982-3 El Nino, | Nature, vol.309, no.5963, p. 47-9, 1984. ] [ Chavez, F.P.; Strutton, P.G.; Friederich, C.E.; Feely, R.A.; Feldman, G.C.; Foley, D.C.; McPhaden, M.J., | Biological and chemical response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Nino, | Science, Vol 286, Iss 5447, pp 2126-2131, 1999. ] [ Chavez, F.P.; Strutton, P.G.; Mcphaden, M.J., | Biological-Physical Coupling In The Central Equatorial Pacific During The Onset Of The 1997-98 El Nino, | Geophys Res Lett, 25: (19) 3543-3546 Oct 1 1998. ] [ Cheang, B.K., | Interannual variability of monsoons in Malaysia and its relationship with ENSO, | Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.102, no.1, p. 219-39, 1993. ] [ Chelliah, M., | Seasonal climate summary. The Global climate for December 1990-February 1991: strong temperature and precipitation contrasts over North America and Eurasia: mixed ENSO conditions in the tropics, | Journal of Climate, vol.6, no.7, p. 1392-1412, 1993. ] [ Chelliah, M., | The global climate for December 1990-February 1991: strong temperature and precipitation contrasts over North America and Eurasia: mixed ENSO conditions in the tropics, | Journal of Climate, v6 n7, pp 1392-1412, 1993. ] [ Chelliah, M., | The global climate for September-November 1992: weak warm ENSO episode conditions linger in the tropical Pacific, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.10, p. 1565-80, 1994. ] [ Chelton, D. B.; Bernal, P. A.; Mcgowan, J. A., | Large-scale interannual physical and biological interaction in the California Current ( El Nino), | Journal of Marine Research, v40 n4, pp 1095-1125, 1982. ] [ Chen DK, Cane MA, Zebiak SE, | The impact of NSCAT winds on predicting the 1997/1998 El Nino: A case study with the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory model, | Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 104: (C5) 11321-11327 MAY 15 1999. ] [ Chen Longxun,; Shao Yongning, | Variations of 30-60 day oscillation in atmosphere before and during 1982 El Nino, | Acta Meteorological Sinica, v5 n4, pp 397-410, 1991. ] [ Chen Longxun,; Xu Jun, | Numerical experiment on the seasonal variation of global ocean and the El Nino process. Part I: control experiment on the seasonal variation of global ocean, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v8 n2, pp 125-135, 1994. ] [ Chen Lie-Ting, | Relationship between the Northern Oscillation and monsoon rainfall in east China and air temperature in North America,| (This paper studies the influence of ENSO on Northern Hemisphere circulation, rainfall anomalies and temperature) : Chinese Science Bulletin, vol.36, no.7, p. 592-6, 1991. ] [ Chen, B; Smith, S R; Bromwich, D H, | Evolution Of The Tropospheric Split Jet Over The South-Pacific Ocean During The 1986-89 Enso Cycle, | Monthly Weather Review V. 124 No. 8 P. 1711-1731, 1996. ] [ Chen, D., | Computer Models for ENSO Prediction, | Sea Technology, Volume 38, Number 5, pp. 37, 1997. ] [ Chen, D. ; Zebiak, S.E.; Busalacchi, A.J.; Cane, M.A., | An improved procedure for El Nino forecasting: implications for predictability, | Science, vol.269, no.5231, p. 1699-702, 1995. ] [ Chen, Dk; Cane, Ma; Zebiak, Se, Et Al., | The Impact Of Sea Level Data Assimilation On The Lament Model Prediction Of The 1997/98 El Nino, | Geophys Res Lett, 25: (15) 2837-2840 Aug 1 1998. ] [ Chen, T C ; Yen, M C ; Pfaendtner, J ; Sud, Y C, | A Complementary Depiction Of The Interannual Variation Of Atmospheric Circulation Associated With Enso Events, | Atmosphere-Ocean V. 34 No. 2 P. 417-433, 1996. ] [ Chen, W.Y., | The climate of spring 1983-a season with persistent global anomalies associated with El Nino, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.111, no.12, p. 2371-84, 1983. ] [ Chen, W.Y.; Van den Dool, H.M., | Significant change of extratropical natural variability and potential predictability associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Tellus Series A-Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, Vol 51, Iss 5, pp 790-802, 1999. ] [ Cheney, R.E.; Miller, L.L., | Recovery of the sea level signal in the western tropical Pacific from Geosat altimetry,| (These new sea level records provide an improved description of the western Pacific prior to and during the 1986-1987 El Nino) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.C3, p. 2977-84, 1990. ] [ Cheney, R.E.; Miller, L.L.; Douglas, B.C.; Agreen, R.W., | Monitoring equatorial Pacific sea level with GEOSAT,| (working with GEOSAT data at APL to search for relationships between sea-level variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Nino) : Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, vol.8, no.2, p. 245-50, 1987 . ] [ Chertock, B.; Frouin, R.; Somerville, R.C.J., | Global monitoring of net solar irradiance at the ocean surface: climatological variability and the 1982-1983 El Nino, | Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.6, p. 639-50, 1991. ] [ Chiew, Fha; Piechota, Tc; Dracup, Ja, Et Al., | El Nino Southern Oscillation And Australian Rainfall, Streamflow And Drought: Links And Potential For Forecasting, | J Hydrol, 204: (1-4) 138-149 Jan 30 1998. ] [ Childers, D. L.; Day Jr, J. W.; Muller, R. A., | Relating climatological forcing to coastal water levels in Louisiana estuaries and the potential importance of El Nino-Southern Oscillation events, | Climate Research, v1 n1, pp 31-42, 1990. ] [ Childs, I.R.W.; Hastings, P.A.; Auliciens, A., | The acceptance of long-range weather forecasts: a question of perception?,| (Results from the survey, which was conducted prior to the release of ENSO-based long-range forecasts in Australia) : Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.39, no.2, p. 105-12, 1991. ] [ Chiswell, S.M.; Watts, D.R., | Inverted echo sounder observations of variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the 1982-3 El Nino, | Deep-Sea Research, Part A (Oceanographic Research Papers), vol.34, no.3A, p. 313-27, 1987. ] [ Chiswell, S.M.; Watts, D.R.; Wimbush, M., | Using inverted echo sounders to measure dynamic height in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the 1982-1983 El Nino, | Deep-Sea Research, Part A (Oceanographic Research Papers), vol.33, no.7A, p. 981-91, 1986. ] [ Chiyu, Tik; Chong, Lakseng, | The effects of Asian monsoon and ENSO on Singapore rainfall -- a preliminary study, | J. Trop. Meteorol./Redai Qixiang Xuebao, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 9-18, 1994. ] [ Chongyin, Li :, | Interaction between Anomalous Winter Monsoon in East Asia and El Nino Events, | Advances in atmospheric sciences, v 7 n 1 Page: 36, 1990. ] [ Chowdhury, A.; Mhasawade, S.V., | Variations in meteorological floods during summer monsoon over India,| (Relationships with the El Nino phenomena are examined) : Mausam, vol.42, no.2, p. 167-70, 1991. ] [ Chu, Pao-Shin, | Hawaii Rainfall Anomalies and El Nino, | Journal of Climate, Volume 8, Number 6, pp. 1697, 1995. ] [ Chu, P.-S.; Frederick, J.; Nash, A.J., | Exploratory analysis of surface winds in the equatorial western Pacific and El Nino, | Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.11, p. 1087-102, 1991. ] [ Chu, Pao-Shin; Wang, Jianxin, | Tropical Cyclone Occurrences in the Vicinity of Hawaii: Are the Differences between El Nino and Non-EI Nino Years Significant?, | Journal of Climate, Volume 10, Number 10, pp. 2683, 1997. ] [ Chunzai Wang; Weisberg, R.H., | On the "slow mode" mechanism in ENSO-related coupled ocean-atmosphere models, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.11, p. 1657-67, 1994. ] [ Clark, L.; Schreiber, R. W.; Schreiber, E. A., | Pre- and Post-El Nino Southern Oscillation Comparison of Nest Sites for Red-tailed Tropicbirds Breeding in the Central Pacific Ocean, | The condor, v 92 n 4 Page: 886, 1990. ] [ Clarke, A.J., | On the reflection and transmission of low-frequency energy at the irregular western Pacific Ocean boundary, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, suppl., p. 3289-305, 1991. ] [ Clarke, A.J.; Van Gorder, S., | On ENSO coastal currents and sea levels, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.24, no.3, p. 661-80, 1994. ] [ Clement, A.C.; Seager, R.; Cane, M.A., | Orbital controls on the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the tropical climate (Paper 1999PA900013), | Paleoceanography, volume 14, number 4, pp. 441, 1999. ] [ Codispoti, L.A., et al., | High nitrite levels off northern Peru: a signal of instability in the marine denitrification rate,| (Causes for the unusual conditions may include a cold anomaly that followed the 1982-3 El Nino) : Science, vol.233, no.4769, p. 1200-2, 1986. ] [ Coffroth, M. A.; Lasker, H. R.; Oliver, J. K., | Coral mortality outside of the eastern Pacific during 1982-1983: relationship to El Nino, | Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 141-182 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Cole, JE; Cook, ER, | The changing relationship between ENSO variability and moisture balance in the continental United States, | Geophysical Research Letters, p. 4529-4532, 1998 ] [ Cole, J.E.; Fairbanks, R.G., | The Southern Oscillation recorded in the delta /sup 18/O of corals from Tarawa Atoll, | Paleoceanography, vol.5, no.5, p. 669-83, 1990. ] [ Cole, J.E.; Shen, G. T.; Fairbanks, R. G.; Moore, M., | Coral monitors of El Nino/Southern Oscillation dynamics across the equatorial Pacific, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 349-375 / Editor: Diaz, H. F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ Colgan, M. W., | El Nino and the history of eastern Pacific reef building, | Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 183-232 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Collins, D.A. | Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (winter 1998): transition toward a cool episode (La Nina), | Australian Meteorological Magazine 48: (1) 55-62 MAR 1999 [ Compagnucci RH, Vargas WM: | Inter-annual variability of the Cuyo rivers' streamflow in the Argentinean Andean mountains and ENSO events, | International Journal of Climatology 18: (14) 1593-1609, 1998. ] [ Congbin Fu; Diaz, H.F.; Fletcher, J.O., | Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the central Pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.9, p. 1716-38, 1986. ] [ Connolly, Sean R.; Roughgarden, Joan, | Notes - Increased recruitment of northeast Pacific barnacles during the 1997 El Nino, | Limnology and oceanography, volume 44, number 2, pp. 466, 1999. ] [ Cook, E. R., | Using tree rings to study past El Nino/Southern Oscillation influences on climate, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 203-214 / Editor: Diaz, H.F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ Costa, D. P.; Antonelis, G. A.; DeLong, R. L., | Effects of El Nino on the Foraging Energetics of the California Sea Lion, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 156-165, 1991. ] [ Costello, C.J., Adams, R.M., Polasky, S., | The value of El Nino forecasts in the management of salmon: A stochastic dynamic assessment, | American journal of agricultural economics, Voulume 80, number 4, pp. 765-777, 1998. ] [ Cota, S. S.; Borrego, S. A., | The 'El Nino' effect on the phytoplankton of a north-western Baja California coastal lagoon, | Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Science, v27 n1, pp 109-115, 1988. ] [ Coughlan, M.J., | Response of the United Nations System to the 1997/1998 El Nino event, | WMO bulletin, volume 48, number 3, pp. 263, 1999. ] [ Courtney, J, | Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (autumn 1998): decline of a warm episode (El Nino), | Australian Meteorological Magazine, p. 339-346, 1998 ] [ Cowles, T.J.; Barber, R.T.; Guillen, O., | Biological consequences of the 1975 El Nino, | Science, vol.195, no.4275, p. 285-7, 1977. ] [ Cruz, J. B.; Felipe, C., | Effect of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Conditions on Nestling Growth rate in the Dark-rumped Petrel, | The Condor; a magazine of western ornitholology, v 92 n 1 Page: 160, 1990. ] [ Cucalon, E., | Oceanographic variability off Ecuador associated with an El Nino event in 1982-3, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14309-22, 1987. ] [ Cullather, R.I.; Bromwich, D.H.; Van Woert, M.L., | Interannual variations in Antarctic precipitation related to El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.101, no.D14, p. 19109- 18, 1996 . ] [ Curran, L.M.; Caniago, I.; Paoli, G.D.; Astianti, D.; Kusneti, M.; Leighton, M.; Nirarita, C.E.; Haeruman, H., | Impact of El Nino and logging on canopy tree recruitment in Borneo, | Science, Vol 286, Iss 5447, pp 2184-2188, 1999. ] [ Cutlip, Kimbra., | El Nino: 1997-98., | Weatherwise, v. 51 no2, p. 12-13., 1998. ] [ D'Arrigo, R. D.; Jacoby, G. C., | A 1000-year record of winter precipitation from northwestern New Mexico, USA: a reconstruction from tree-rings and its relation to El Nino and the Southern Oscillation, | The holocene : an interdisciplinary journal, v 1 n 2 Page: 95, 1991. ] [ D'Arrigo, R. D.; Jacoby, G. C., | A tree-ring reconstruction of New Mexico winter precipitation and its relation to El Nino/Southern Oscillation events, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 243-257 / Editor: Diaz, H.F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ Damnati, Brahim; Taieb, Maurice, | Solar and ENSO signatures in laminated deposits from Lake Magadi (Kenya) during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition, | Journal of African Earth Sciences, v.21, n.3, p.373-382, 1995. ] [ Dandonneau, Y., | Monitoring the sea surface chlorophyll concentration in the tropical Pacific: consequences of the 1982-83 El Nino, | Fishery Bulletin, v84 n3, pp 687-695, 1986. ] [ Davey, M.K.; Anderson, D.L.T., | A Comparison of the 1997/98 El Nino with Other Such Events, | Weather, vol. 53, no. 9, p. 295, 1998. ] [ Davey, M.K.; Anderson, D.L.T.; Lawrence, S., | A simulation of variability of ENSO forecast skill, | Journal of Climate, vol.9, no.1, p. 240-6, 1996 . ] [ Davydov, G I; Polonskii, A B, | Ocean-Atmosphere Variability In The Australo-Asiatic Region In Connection With The El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Fizika Atmosfery I Okeana V. 32 No. 3 P. 383-396, 1996. ] [ Dayton, P. K.; Tegner, M. J., | Bottoms beneath troubled waters: benthic impacts of the 1982-1984 El Nino in the temperate zone, | Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 433-472 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Dayton, P. K.; Tegner, M. J., | Catastrophic storms, El Nino, and patch stability in a southern California kelp community, | Science, v224 n4646, pp 283-285, 1984. ] [ De La Lanza, G., | ENSO of 1986-87 VS contamination analyses through nitrite, nitrate and orthophosphate concentrations along a transect at 19N, Mexico, | Rev. Invest. Mar., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 3-12, 1994. ] [ De La Lanza, G.; Galindo E., I., | ENSO 1986-87 at Mexican subtropical Pacific offshore waters, | Atmosfera, v2 n1, pp 17-30, 1989. ] [ DeLong, R. L.; Antonelis, G. A., | Impact of the 1982-1983 El Nino on the Northern Fur Seal Population at San Miguel Island, California, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 75-83, 1991. ] [ DeLong, R. L.; Antonelis, G. A.; Oliver, C. W.; Stewart, B. S.; Lowry, M. S.; Yochem, P. K., | Effects of the 1982-1983 El Nino on Several Population Parameters and Diet of California Sea Lions on the California Channel Islands, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 166-172, 1991. ] [ DeVries, T.J., | A review of geological evidence for ancient El Nino activity in Peru, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14471-9, 1987. ] [ DeVries, T.J.; Ortlieb, L.; Diaz, A.; Wells, L.; Hillaire-Marcel, Cl., | Determining the Early History of El Nino, | Science, Volume 276, Number 5314, pp. 965, 1997. ] [ DeWeaver, E.; Nigam, S., | Influence of mountain ranges on the mid-latitude atmospheric response to El Nino events, | Nature, vol.378, no.6558, p. 706-8, 1995. ] [ Dewitte, B., | El Nino-La Nina events simulated with Cane and Zebiak's model and observed with satellite or in situ data. Part II: model forced with observations, | Oceanographic Literature Review;, v44, n4, p309, 1997. ] [ Del Pilar Cornejo-Rodriguez, M.; Enfield, D.B., | Propagation and forcing of high-frequency sea level variability along the west coast of South America,| (they vary either with season or between the 1982-3 ENSO period and non-ENSO years) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14323-34, 1987. ] [ Delavaud, C. C., | Concerning the catastrophic floods in the north of Peru: 'El Nino', myth and reality, | Revista Geografica, v101, pp 133-139, 1985. ] [ Delcroix, T.; Boulanger, J.-P.; Masia, F.; Menkes, C., | Geosat-derived sea level and surface current anomalies in the equatorial Pacific during the 1986-1989 El Nino and La Nina, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.99, no.C12, p. 25093-107, 1994. ] [ Delcroix, T; Gourdeau, L; Henin, C, | Sea Surface Salinity Changes Along The Fiji-Japan Shipping Track During The 1996 La Nina And 1997 El Nino Period, | Geophys Res Lett, 25: (16) 3169-3172 Aug 15 1998. ] [ Delecluse, P. | El Nino and its predictability, | COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE II FASCICULE A-SCIENCES DE LA TERRE ET DES PLANETES 328: (4) 281-288 FEB 1999. ] [ Delecluse, P.; Davey, M.K.; Kitamura, Y.; Philander, S.G.H.; Suarez, M.; Bengtsson, L., | Coupled general circulation modeling of the tropical Pacific, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.103, no.C7, p. 14357-73 . ] [ Delecluse, P.; Servain, J.; Levy, C.; Arpe, K.; Bengtsson, L., | On the connection between the 1984 Atlantic warm event and the 1982-1983 ENSO, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.46A, no.4, p. 448-64, 1994. ] [ Deng-Hua Wu; Anderson, D.L.T.; Davey, M.K., | ENSO prediction experiments using a simple ocean-atmosphere model, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.46A, no.4, p. 465-80, 1994. ] [ Denhard, M.; Graf, H.-F.; Kirchner, I.; Schonwiese, C.-D., | Volcanic and El Nino signal separation in GCM simulations with neural networks, | Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, vol.69, no.2, p. 285-95, 1996. ] [ Depetris, P J; Kempe, S; Latif, M; Mook, W G, | Enso-Controlled Flooding In The Parana-River (1904 1991), | Naturwissenschaften V. 83 No. 3 P. 127-129, 1996. ] [ Depetris, P.J.; Kempe, S., | The impact of the El Nino 1982 event on the Parana River, its discharge and carbon transport, | Global and Planetary Change, vol.3, no.3, p. 239-44, 1990. ] [ Derr, V. E.; Slutz, R. J., | Prediction of El Nino events in the Pacific by means of neural networks, | AI Applications, v8 n2, pp 51-63, 1994. ] [ Deser, C.; Wallace, J.M., | El Nino events and their relation to the Southern Oscillation: 1925-86, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14189-96, 1987. ] [ Deser, C.; Wallace, J.M., | Large-scale atmospheric circulation features of warm and cold episodes in the tropical Pacific, | Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.11, p. 1254-81, 1990. ] [ Dessier, A.; Donguy, J. R., | Response to El Nino signals of the epiplanktonic copepod populations in the eastern tropical Pacific, | Journal of Geophysical Research, v92 C13, pp 14,393-14,403, 1987. ] [ Dewitte, B; Perigaud, C, | El Nino La Nina Events Simulated With Cane And Zebiaks Model And Observed With Satellite Or In-Situ Data .2. Model Forced With Observations, | Journal Of Climate V. 9 No. 6 P. 1188-1207, 1996. ] [ Diaz, H. F.; Markgraf, V., | El Nino: historical and paleoclimatic aspects of the Southern Oscillation, | Monograph: 476 pp / Publisher: (Cambridge University Press), 1993. ] [ Diaz, HF; McCabe, GJ, | A possible connection between the 1878 yellow fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Nino episode, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, p. 21-27, 1999 ] [ Diaz, H. F.; Pulwarty, R. S., | A comparison of Southern Oscillation and El Nino signals in the tropics, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 175-192 / Editor: Diaz, H.F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ Dickey, J.O.; Marcus, S.L.; Hide, R.; Eubanks, T.M.; Boggs, D.H., | Angular momentum exchange among the solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans: a case study of the 1982-1983 El Nino event, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.99, no.B12, p. 23921-37, 1994. ] [ Dilley, Maxx; Heyman, Barry N., | ENSO and Disaster: Droughts, Floods and El Nino/Southern Oscillation Warm Events, | Disasters, Volume 19, Number 3, pp. 181, 1995. ] [ Dillon, M. O.; Rundel, P. W., | The botanical response of the Atacama and Peruvian Desert floras to the 1982-83 El Nino event, | Monograph: In: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 487-504 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Dong, X.J., Huang, C., Zheng, D.W., et al. | Monitoring of 1997 El Nino from TOPEX/Poseidon, | Chinese Science Bullletin 44: (4) 320-322 FEB 1999. ] [ Dong Keqin,; Holland, G. J., | A global view of the relationship between ENSO and tropical cyclone frequencies, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v8 n1, pp 19-29, 1994. ] [ Donguy, J.R., | Recent advances in the knowledge of the climatic variations in the tropical Pacific Ocean,| (an area particularly sensitive to interannual oscillations associated with El Nino) : Progress in Oceanography, vol.19, no.1, p. 49-85, 1987. ] [ Donguy, J.R.; Dessier, A.; Du Penhoat, Y., | Heat contnent displacement in the Pacific during the 1982-1983 El Nino event, | Oceanologica acta, v 12 n 3 Page: 149, 1989. ] [ Donguy, J.R.; Henin, C., | Climatic teleconnections in the western South Pacific with El Nino phenomenon, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.10, no.12, p. 1952-8, 1980. ] [ Donguy, J.R.; Henin, C., | Hydroclimatic anomalies in the South Pacific,| (Some six months after the appearance of the 'El Nino' phenomenon in the Eastern Pacific, a hydroclimatic anomaly is observed in the Western Pacific) : Oceanologica Acta, vol.1, no.1, p. 25-30, 1978. ] [ Donguy, J.R.; Henin, C., | Surface conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific related to the intertropical convergence zone of the winds,| (During El Nino, the surface salinity is affected by the position of the intertropical convergence zone) : Deep-Sea Research, Part A (Oceanographic Research Papers), vol.27, no.9A, p. 693-714, 1980. ] [ Donguy, J.R.; Henin, C.; Morliere, A.; Rebert, J.P., | Thermal changes in the western tropical Pacific in relation to the wind field,| (Alternate long periods of lifting and deepening of the thermocline appear in the western Pacific that may be roughly related to El Nino) : Deep-Sea Research, Part A (Oceanographic Research Papers), vol.29, no.7A, p. 869-92, 1982. ] [ Donguy, J.R.; Meyers, G., | Observed and modelled topography of the 20 degrees C isotherm in the tropical Pacific,| (Florida State University tropical ocean model) : Oceanologica Acta, vol.10, no.1, p. 41-8, 1987. ] [ Doubilet, David. | Galapagos Underwater - In the grip of El Nino the normally cold, rich seas that support a bountiful food chain warmed, with dire consequences to penguins, iguanas, and sea lions, | National geographic, volume 195, number 4, pp. 32, 1999. ] [ Dovgalyuk, V.V.; Klimenko, V.V., | On long-term variations in the intensity of El Nino occurrences, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, no.25, p. 3771-4, 1996 . ] [ Druffel, E. R. M.; Dunbar, R. B.; Wellington, G. M.; Minnis, S. A., | Reef-building corals and identification of ENSO warming episodes, | Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 233-253 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Du Penhoat, Y.; Cane, M.A., | Effect of low-latitude western boundary gaps on the reflection of equatorial motions,| (results suggest that the realistic boundary will not greatly alter expectations based on a simple solid boundary if the reflections important for El Nino are primarily in motion, represented by low-order Rossby modes) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, suppl., p. 3307-22, 1991. ] [ Du Penhoat, Y.; Delcroix, T.; Picaut, J., | Interpretation of Kelvin/Rossby waves in the equatorial Pacific from model-Geosat data intercomparison during the 1986-1987 El Nino, | Oceanologica Acta, v15 n5, pp 545-554, 1992. ] [ Dudley, N. J.; Hearn, A. B., | El Nino effects hurt Namoi irrigated cotton growers, but they can do little to ease the pain, | Agricultural Systems, v42 n1-2, pp 103-126, 1993. ] [ Ducklow, H.W.; Quinby, H.L.; Carlson, C.A., | Bacterioplankton dynamics in the equatorial Pacific during the 1992 El Nino, | Deep-sea research. Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, Volume 42, Number 2-3, pp. 621, 1995. ] [ Dunn, Seth., | Looking past El Nino. (we must pay more attention to the El Nino phenomenon; editorial), | World Watch, v. 11 no5 p. 2, 1998. ] [ Eakin, C M, | Where Have All The Carbonates Gone A Model Comparison Of Calcium-Carbonate Budgets Before And After The 1982-1983 El Nino At Uva-Island In The Eastern Pacific, | Coral Reefs V. 15 No. 2 P. 109-119, 1996. ] [ Eckert, C.; Latif, M., | Predictability of a stochastically forced hybrid coupled model of El Nino, | Max-Planck-Inst. Meteorol., Report No: 202, 1996 . ] [ Efimov, V.V.; Prusov, A.V.; Shokurov, M.V., | Patterns of interannual variability defined by a cluster analysis and their relation with ENSO, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.121, no.527, p. 1651-79, 1995. ] [ Eissler, Y.; Quinones, R.A., | Microplanktonic respiration off northern Chile during El Nino 1997-1998, | Journal of Plankton Research, Vol 21, Iss 12, pp 2263-2283, 1999. ] [ Elsner, J.B.; Kocher, B. | Global tropical cyclone activity: Link to the North Atlantic oscillation, | Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 27, Iss 1, pp 129-132, 2000. ] [ Elsner, J.B.; Tsonis, A.A., | Do bidecadal oscillations exist in the global temperature record?, | Nature, vol.353, no.6344, p. 551-3, 1991. ] [ Elsner, J.B.; Tsonis, A.A., | Nonlinear dynamics established in the ENSO, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.20, no.3, p. 213-16, 1993. ] [ Eltahir, Elfatih A.B., | El Nino and the natural variability in the flow of the Nile River (Paper 95WR02968), | Water Resources Research, Volume 32, Number 1, pp. 131, 1996. ] [ Eltahir, E.A.B., Wang, GL, | Nilometers, El Nino, and climate variability, | Geophysical Research Letters, p. 489-492, 1999 ] [ Elvin, John, | El Nino., | Insight / Volume 13, Number 48, pp. 20, December 29, 1997. ] [ Emery, W.J.; Hamilton, K., | Atmospheric forcing of interannual variability in the northeast Pacific Ocean: connections with El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, no.C1, p. 857-68, 1985. ] [ Emery, W.J.; Royer, T.C.; Reynolds, R.W., | The anomalous tracks of North Pacific drifting buoys 1981 to 1983,| (anomalous buoy tracks and sea-level pressure patterns occurred in late 1981 and early 1982 just prior to the ENSO event of 1982 to 1983) : Deep-Sea Research, Part A (Oceanographic Research Papers), vol.32, no.3A, p. 315-47, 1985. ] [ Enfield, D.B., | El Nino, Past And Present, | Reviews of geophysics, v 27 n 1 Page: 159, 1989. ] [ Enfield, D.B., | Historical and prehistorical overview of El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 95-117 / Editor: Diaz, H.F., 1993. ] [ Enfield, D.B., | Progress in understanding El Nino, | Endeavour, New Series, vol.11, no.4, p. 197-204, 1987. ] [ Enfield, D.B., | Relationship of inter-American rainfall to tropical Atlantic and Pacific SST variability, | Geophys Res Lett, 1996, vol. 23, no. 23, pp. 3305-3308, 1996. ] [ Enfield, D.B.; Allen, J.S., | On the structure and dynamics of monthly mean sea level anomalies along the Pacific Coast of North and South America,| (The positive and negative sea level anomalies, corresponding to El Nino-anti El Nino cycles, are well correlated throughout the tropics of both hemispheres and are detectable at the California stations) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.10, no.4, p. 557-78, 1980. ] [ Enfield, D.B.; Cid, L.S., | Low-frequency changes in El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.12, p. 1137-46, 1991. ] [ Enfield, D.B.; del Pilar Cornejo-Rodriguez, M.; Smith, R.L.; Newberger, P.A., | The equatorial source of propagating variability along the Peru coast during the 1982-3 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14335-46, 1987. ] [ Epstein, P. R., | Watching El Nino, | Public Health Reports, v. 113 no4, p. 330- 3, 1998. ] [ Estoque, M. A.; Luque, J.; Chandeck-Monteza, M.; Garcia, J., | Effects of El Nino on Panama rainfall, | Geofisica Internacional, v24 n3, pp 355-381, 1985. ] [ Evans, J.L.; Allan, R.J., | El Nino/Southern Oscillation modification to the structure of the monsoon and tropical cyclone activity in the Australasian region, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.12, no.6, p. 611-23, 1992. ] [ Evans, M N; Fairbanks, R G; Rubenstone, J L, | A proxy Index of ENSO teleconnections, | Nature. Volume 394, Number 6695, pp. 732, 1998. ] [ Evans MN, Fairbanks RG, Rubenstone JL | The thermal oceanographic signal of El Nino reconstructed from a Kiritimati Island coral| Journal of Geophysical Reasearch-Oceans 104: (C6) 13409-13421 JUN 15 1999. ] [ Fairbridge, R. W., | Solar and Lunar cycles Embedded in the El Nino Periodicities, | Cycles, v 41 n 2 Page: 65, 1990. ] [ Fawcett, Rjb, | Seasonal Climate Summary Southern Hemisphere (Winter 1997): A Developing El Nino Event, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, 47: (2) 151-158 Jun 1998. ] [ Feely, R.A., Wanninkhof, R., Takahashi, T., et al. | Influence of El Nino on the equatorial Pacific contribution to atmospheric CO2 accumulation, | Nature 398: (6728) 597-601 APR 15 1999. ] [ Feely, R.A.; Gammon, R.H.; Taft, B.A.; Pullen, P.E.; Waterman, L.S.; Conway, T.J.; Gendron, J.F.; Wisegarver, D.P., | Distribution of chemical tracers in the eastern equatorial Pacific during and after the 1982-1983 El Nino/Southern Oscillation event, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C6, p. 6545-58, 1987. ] [ Feely, R.A.; Wanninkhof, R.; Cosca, C.E.; McPhaden, M.J.; Byrne, R.H.; Millero, F.J.; Chavez, F.P.; Clayton, S.T.; Campbell, D.M.; Murphy, P.P., | The effect of tropical instability waves on CO/sub 2/ species distributions along the Equator in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the 1992 ENSO event, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.21, no.4, p. 277-80, 1994. ] [ Feely, Ra; Wanninkhof, R; Goyet, C, Et Al., | Variability Of Co2 Distributions And Sea-Air Fluxes In The Central And Eastern Equatorial Pacific During The 1991-1994 El Nino, | Deep-Sea Res Pt II-Top St Oce, 44: (9-10) 1851-+ 1997 . ] [ Feingold, J S, | Coral Survivors Of The 1982-83 El Nino Southern-Oscillation, Galapagos-Islands, Ecuador, | Coral Reefs V. 15 No. 2 P. 108, 1996. ] [ Feldkamp, S. D.; DeLong, R. L.; Antonelis, G. A., | Effects of El Nino 1983 on the Foraging Patterns of California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) near San Miguel Island, California, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 146-155, 1991. ] [ Feldman, G.; Clark, D.; Halpern, D., | Satellite color observations of the phytoplankton distribution in the eastern Equatorial Pacific during the 1982-1983 El Nino (Galapagos Islands), | Science, v226 n4678, pp 1069-1071, 1984. ] [ Fennell, Tom., | The rage of El Nino: terror twisters and killer rains batter Americans., | Maclean's, v. 111 no10, p. 34-5., 1998. ] [ Fennessy, M.J.; Shukla, J., | Comparison of the impact of the 1982/83 and 1986/87 Pacific SST anomalies on time-mean predictions of atmospheric circulation,| (The primary focus of the study is to contrast the impact of the El Nino Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies observed during the Northern Hemisphere winters of 1982/83 and 1986/87 on predictions with a global general circulation model ) : Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.4, p. 407-23, 1991. ] [ Fiedler, P.C., | Satellite observations of the 1982-1983 El Nino along the US Pacific coast, | Science, vol.224, no.4654, p. 1251-4, 1984. ] [ Fiedler, P.C.; Methot, R. D.; Hewitt, R. P., | Effects of California El Nino 1982-1984 on the northern anchovy, | Journal of Marine Research, v44 n2, pp 317-338, 1986. ] [ Finney, B. R., | Anomalous westerlies, El Nino, and the colonization of Polynesia, | American Anthropologist, v87 n1, pp 9-26, 1985. ] [ Firing, E.; Lukas, R.; Sadler, J.; Wyrtki, K., | Equatorial undercurrent disappears during 1982-3 El Nino, | Science, vol.222, no.4628, p. 1121-3, 1983. ] [ Fleer, H.; Schweitzer, B.; Raatz, W., | Rainfall fluctuations in India and Sri Lanka and large-scale rainfall anomalies,| (There appears to be a linkage between the recurrent Indian droughts and the El Nino phenomena along the west coast of South America) : Mausam, vol.35, no.2, p. 135-44, 1984. ] [ Flis, L., | Using El Nino Events in forecasting gas markets, | Rocky Mountain Oil Journal, vol. 76, no. 4, p. 1 & 12] [ Flohn, H., | Singular events and catastrophes now and in climatic history,| (describes an extreme singular event of global extension such as the Super El Nino of 1982/3) : Die Naturwissenschaften, vol.73, no.3, p. 136-49, 1986. ] [ Flugel, M.; Ping Chang, | Impact of dynamical and stochastic processes on the predictability of ENSO, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, no.16, p. 2089-92, 1996. ] [ Fong Chao, B., | Interannual length-of-day variation with relation to the Southern Oscillation/El Nino, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.11, no.5, p. 541-4, 1984. ] [ Fraedrich, K., | An ENSO impact on Europe? A review, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.46A, no.4, p. 541-52, 1994. ] [ Fraedrich, K., | El Nino iterations, | Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, vol.60, no.1, p. 22-33, 1987. ] [ Fraedrich, K., | El Nino/Southern Oscillation predictability, | Monthly Weather Review, v116 n5, pp 1001-1012, 1988. ] [ Fraedrich, K., | European Grosswetter during the warm and cold extremes of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.10, no.1, p. 21-31, 1990. ] [ Fraedrich, K.; Muller, K., | Climate anomalies in Europe associated with ENSO extremes, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.12, no.1, p. 25-31, 1992. ] [ Fraedrich, K.; Muller, K., | Climatology of wavenumber-frequency spectra at the 500 mb height along 50 degrees N during the El Nino/Southern Oscillation extremes, | Meteorologische Zeitschrift, vol.2, no.2, p. 80-4, 1993. ] [ Fraedrich, K.; Muller, K.; Kuglin, R., | Northern hemisphere circulation regimes during the extremes of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.44A, no.1, p. 33-40, 1992. ] [ Francey, R. J.; Tans, P. P.; Allison, C. E.; Enting, I. G.; White, J. W. C.; Trolier, M. : | Changes in oceanic and terrestrial carbon uptake since 1982 : | Nature (London), 373, pp. 326-30, 1995. ] [ Francis, J. M.; Heath, C. B., | Population Abundance, Pup Mortality, and Copulation Frequency in the California Sea Lion in Relation to the 1983 El Nino on San Nicolas Island, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 119-128, 1991. ] [ Francis, J. M.; Heath, C. B., | The Effects of El Nino on the Frequency and Sex Ratio of Suckling Yearlings in the California Sea Lion, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 193-204, 1991. ] [ Francou, B., | 'El Nino' and the drought in the High Central Andes of Peru and Bolivia, | Bulletin - Institut Francais des Etudes Andines, v14 n1-2, pp 1-18, 1985. ] [ Frechette, D; Delavan, W, | El Nino and coffee price volatility in 1997., | American Journal of Agricultural Economics, p. 1180-1180 PG 1 JI Am. J. Agr. Econ., 1998 ] [ Freeman, D., | Gas Price Correlation ? Geologist Charts El Nino Effects, | American Association of Petroleum Geologists Explorer, vol. 17, no. 8, p. 32-33] [ Frogel, Ja, | A History Of Infrared Extinction At Ctio, Chile, And A Possible Connection With The El Nino Phenomenon, | Publ Astron Soc Pac, 110: (744) 200-209 Feb 1998. ] [ Fu Congbin, | A review of study on El Nino/Southern Oscillation associated with the interannual climate variability, | Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, vol.11, no.2, p. 209-20, 1987. ] [ Fu Congbin,; Dong Dongfeng,; Slutz, R.; Fletcher, J., | El Nino/Southern Oscillation signals in the global tropical ocean, | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, v5 n1, pp 35-45, 1988. ] [ Fu, R.; Del Genio, A.D.; Rossow, W.B., | Behavior of deep convective clouds in the tropical Pacific deduced from ISCCP radiances, | Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.10, p. 1129-52, 1990. ] [ Fu, Z.; Fletcher, J., | Two patterns of equatorial warming associated with El Nino, | Kexue Tongbao (Foreign Language Edition), vol.30, no.10, p. 1360-4, 1985. ] [ Fushimi, K., | Variation of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the western North Pacific surface water during the 1982/83 El Nino event, | Tellus, Series B, v39B n1-2, pp 214-227, 1987. ] [ Gaffney, D., | Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (autumn 1991): early indications of the formation of El Nino-type conditions, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.40, no.1, p. 47-52, 1992. ] [ Gaffney, D., | Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (summer 1989-90): weak warming in the western equatorial Pacific and an inactive Australian monsoon,| (A weak warming in the western equatorial Pacific, a fall in the Southern Oscillation Index and shifts in other climate indices were indicative of a weak El Nino situation) : Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.39, no.1, p. 59-64, 1991. ] [ Gaffney, D.; Casey, T., | Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (autumn 1987): a season of continuing ENSO anomalies, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.35, no.4, p. 133-41, 1987. ] [ Gaffney, D.; Casey, T., | Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (summer 1986-87): a season of characteristic ENSO anomalies and low planetary wave numbers, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.35, no.2, p. 65-77, 1987. ] [ Gage, K.S. ; McAfee, J.R.; Carter, D.A.; Ecklund, W.L.; Riddle, A.C.; Reid, G.C.; Balsley, B.B., | Long-term mean vertical motion over the tropical Pacific: wind-profiling Doppler radar measurements,| (Comparison of the results at Christmas Island during El Nino and non-El Nino conditions with earlier results) : Science, vol.254, no.5039, p. 1771-3, 1991. ] [ Gage, K.S.; Reid, G.C., | Longitudinal variations in tropical tropopause properties in relation to tropical convection and El Nino-Southern Oscillation events, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14197-203, 1987. ] [ Gage, K.S.; Reid, G.C., | Response of the tropical tropopause to El Chichon and the El Nino of 1982-3, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.12, no.4, p. 195-7, 1985. ] [ Gage, K.S.; Reid, G.C., | The tropical tropopause and the El Nino of 1982-3, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.91, no.D12, p. 13 315-17, 1986. ] [ Galambosi, A.; Duckstein, L.; Ozelkan, E.C.; Bogardi, I., | Fuzzified effect of ENSO and macrocirculation patterns on precipitation: An Arizona case study, | International Journal of Climatology, Vol 19, Iss 13, pp 1411-1426, 1999. ] [ Galindo-Bect MS, Galindo-Bect LA, Hernandez-Ayon JM, et al. | The effect of El Nino on the nutrients and total organic carbon of a coastal lagoon of northwestern Baja California, | Ciencias Marinas 25: (2) 225-237 JUN 1999. ] [ Galtie, Alain-Claude, | WHAT'S HAPPENING TO GLOBAL CLIMATE? - Is El Nino Now a Man-made Phenomenon?, | The ecologist, volume 29, number 2, pp. 64, 1999. ] [ Gan, M.A.; Rao, V.B., | Surface cyclogenesis over South America,| (The occurrence of cyclogenesis is more during the years of negative SOI (El Nino years) and less during the years of positive Southern Oscillation index) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.119, no.5, p. 1293-302, 1991. ] [ Gantenbein, D., | El Nino the weathermaker, | Popular Science v. 246, p. 76-8+, 1995. ] [ Gao Shiying, | Analysis of changes of wind fields in the equatorial Indian and Pacific oceans in the 1972 El Nino event, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.48, no.1, p. 108-12, 1990. ] [ Gao Shiying,; Wang Jingshu, | Changes of equatorial wind fields in the western Pacific and El Nino, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v7 n2, pp 214-225, 1988. ] [ Gao Shiying,; Wang Jingshu, | El Nino and the Southern Oscillation, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v7 n4, pp 521-532, 1989. ] [ Gao Shiying,; Wang Jingshu, | The strong winter monsoon in East Asia and El Nino, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v8 n2, pp 217-221, 1989. ] [ Gao Shiying,; Wang Jingshu,; Ding Yihui, | The triggering effect of near-equatorial cyclones on El Nino, | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, v5 n1, pp 87-95, 1988. ] [ Garate-Lizarraga, Ismael; Beltrones, David A Siqueiros, | Time Variation in Phytoplankton Assemblages in a Subtropical Lagoon System after the 1982-1983 "El Nino" Event (1984 to 1986), | Pacific science, Volume 52, Number 1, pp. 79, 1998. ] [ Garcia, O.; Singh Khalsa, S.J.; Steiner, E.J., | Atmospheric characteristics of the equatorial Pacific during the 1982-3 El Nino, deduced from satellite and aircraft observations, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.91, no.D12, p. 13 217-31, 1986. ] [ Garden, G. S.; Bergin, M. A.; Butterworth, I. J.; Kingston, G. J.; Cheang, B. K.; Tan, H. V., | The tropical circulation in the Australian/Asian region - May to October 1987: the declining influence of a moderate El Nino event, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, v37 n2, pp 59-73, 1989. ] [ Gaudry, A.; Monfray, P.; Polian, G.; Lambert, G., | The 1982-1983 El Nino: a 6 billion ton CO"SUB 2" release, | Tellus, Series B, v39B n1-2, pp 209-213, 1987. ] [ Gay Garcia, C.; Conde Alvarez, C., | Global and diffuse radiation at the surface (1978-1985) Evidence of El Nino and El Chichon, | Atmosfera, v3 n4, pp 281-290, 1990. ] [ Gentry, R. L., | El Nino Effects on Adult Northern Fur Seals at the Pribilof Islands, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 84-93, 1991. ] [ Georgakakos, K.P. | Flooding attributable to El Nino, | WMO bulletin, volume 47, number 4, pp. 356, 1998. ] [ Gerard, V. A., | Physiological effects of El Nino on giant kelp in southern California, | Marine Biology Letters, v5 n6, pp 317-322, 1984. ] [ Gershunov, A, | ENSO influence on intraseasonal extreme rainfall and temperature frequencies in the contiguous United States: Implications for long-range predictability, | Journal of Climate, p. 3192-3203, 1998 ] [ Gershunov, A; Barnett, TP, | Interdecadal modulation of EN, | teleconnections, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, p. 2715-2725 PG 11 JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 1998 ] [ Gershunov A, Barnett TP: | ENSO influence on intraseasonal extreme rainfall and temperature frequencies in the contiguous United States: Observations and model results (vol 11, pg 1575, 1998), | Journal of Climate 11: (11) 3062-3065, 1998. ] [ Ghil, Michael; Jiang, Ning, | Recent forecast skill for the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (Paper 97GL03635), | Geophysical research letters, Volume 25, Number 2, pp. 171, 1998. ] [ Gibbs, H. L.; Grant, P. R., | Ecological consequences of an exceptionally strong El Nino event on Darwin's finches, | Ecology, v68 n6, pp 1735-1746, 1987. ] [ Giese, B.S., | Aspects of the Kelvin wave response to episodic wind forcing, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.C5, p. 7289-312, 1990. ] [ Gill, A. E.; Phlips, P. J., | Non-linear effects on heat-induced circulation of the tropical atmosphere ( El Nino), | Quarterly Journal - Royal Meteorological Society, v112 n471, pp 69-91, 1986. ] [ Gill, A.E., | An estimation of sea-level and surface-current anomalies during the 1972 El Nino and consequent thermal effects, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, no.4, p. 586-606, 1983. ] [ Gill, A.E., | Changes in thermal structure of the equatorial Pacific during the 1972 El Nino as revealed by bathythermograph observations, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.12, no.12, p. 1373-87, 1982. ] [ Glantz, M. H., | Climate variability, climate change and fisheries,| (Discusses: El Nino and variability in the northeastern Pacific salmon fishery) : (Monograph) Climate variability, climate change and fisheries, (Cambridge University Press), 1992. ] [ Glantz, M. H., | El Nino - should it take the blame for disasters?, | Mazingira, v8 n1, pp 21-26, 1984. ] [ Glantz, M. H., | El Nino: lessons for coastal fisheries in Africa?, | Oceanus, v23 n2, pp 9-17, 1980. ] [ Glantz, M. H., | Floods, fires, and famine: is El Nino to blame?, | Oceanus, v27 n2, pp 14-19, 1984. ] [ Glantz, M. H., | Forecasting El Nino: science's gift to the 21st century, | Ecodecision, v12, pp 78-81, 1994. ] [ Glantz, M.H. :, | Currents of Change: El Nino's Impact on Climate and Society, | Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ] [ Glantz, M.H., R.W. Katz and N. Nicholls (eds.), | Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies., | Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991. ] [ Gloersen, P., | Modulation of hemispheric sea-ice cover by ENSO events, | Nature v. 373, p. 503-6, 1995. ] [ Gloersen, P., | Modulation of hemispheric sea-ice cover by ENSO events, | Nature, vol.373, no.6514, p. 503-6, 1995. ] [ Glynn, P W ; Veron, J E N Wellington, G M, | Clipperton Atoll (Eastern Pacific) Oceanography, Geomorphology, Reef-Building Coral Ecology And Biogeography,| (Sst Anomalies At Clipperton Occur During Enso Events And Were Greater At Clipperton In 1987 Than During 1982-1983) : Coral Reefs V. 15 No. 2 P. 71-99, 1996. ] [ Glynn, P.W., | Widespread coral mortality and the 1982-83 E l Nino warming event, | Environmental Conservation, v11 n2, pp 133-146, 1984. ] [ Glynn, P.W.; Colgan, M. W., | Sporadic disturbances in fluctuating coral reef environments: El Nino and coral reef development in the eastern Pacific, | American Zoologist, v32 n6, pp 707-718, 1992. ] [ Glynn, P.W.; De Weerdt, W.H., | Elimination of Two Reef-Building Hydrocorals Following the 1982-83 El Nino Warming Event, | Science, v 253 n 5015 Page: 69, 1991. ] [ Goddard, L., | El Nino in the 1990s, | Oceanographic Literature Review; v44, n12, p1430,1997. ] [ Godfrey, J.S., | On ocean spindown. I. A linear experiment,| (Application is made to the El Nino, and the associated global fluctuations in the atmosphere and ocean) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.5, no.3, p. 399-409, 1975. ] [ Goldberg, R.A.; Tisnado, M.G.; Scofield, R.A., | Characteristics of extreme rainfall events in northwestern Peru during the 1982-3 El Nino period, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14225-41, 1987. ] [ Goldenberg, S B; Shapiro, L J, | Physical-Mechanisms For The Association Of El Nino And West-African Rainfall With Atlantic Major Hurricane Activity, | Journal Of Climate V. 9 No. 6 P. 1169-1187, 1996. ] [ Golnaraghi, M.; Kaul, R., | The science of policymaking: responding to ENSO, | Environment v. 37, p. 16-20+, 1995. ] [ Gong DY, Wang SW | Impacts of ENSO on rainfall of global land and China | Chinese Science Bulletin, 44: (9) 852-857 MAY 1999 [ Gonzalez, HE, et al., | Primary production and its fate in the pelagic food web and deep-sea, and ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange in the northern Humboldt Current (23 degrees S): Possible effects of the 1997-98 El Nino in Chile, | Revista Chilena De Historia Natural, p. 429-458, 1998 ] [ Gopinathan, C.K.; Sastry, J.S., | Relationship between Indian summer monsoon rainfall and position of Pacific Ocean warm pool, | Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, vol.19, no.4, p. 246-50, 1990. ] [ Gordon, A.L.; Fine, Rana A. : | Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Indonesian seas : | Nature (London), 379, pp. 146-9, 1996. ] [ Gordon, H.B.; Hunt, B.G., | Droughts, floods, and sea-surface temperature anomalies: a modelling approach,| (Three different sea-surface temperature anomaly patterns were explored, representative of both El Nino and anti-El Nino events) : International Journal of Climatology, vol.11, no.4, p. 347-65, 1991. ] [ Gordon, R.T.; Jasman, M.C. / Editors: Dagli, C.H.; Akay, M.; Chen, C.L.P.; Fernandez, B.R.; Ghosh, J., | Forecasting El Nino with an artificial neural network, | Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks. Vol.5. Fuzzy Logic and Evolutionary Programming, Proceedings of the Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering (ANNIE'95), p. xviii+1034, 779-84, 1995. ] [ Goring, D.G.; Bell, R.G., | El Nino and decadal effects on sea-level variability in northern New Zealand: a wavelet analysis , | New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol 33, Iss 4, pp 587-598, 1999. ] [ Goswami, B.N.; Selvarajan, S., | Convergence feedback and unstable low frequency oscillations in a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere model,| (These results may provide a mechanism for the observed aperiodicity of the El Nino and Southern Oscillation events) : Geophysical Research Letters, vol.18, no.6, p. 991-4, 1991. ] [ Goswami, B.N.; Shukla, J., | Predictability of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, | Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.1, p. 3-22, 1991. ] [ Gottschalk, M. A., | Engineers help unlock El Nino's secrets., | Design News, v. 53 (i.e. 54) no8, p. 35-6., 1998. ] [ Graf, H.-F., | Association of relative vorticity and wind anomalies over the Northern Hemisphere with the ENSO-cycle, | Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, vol.63, no.2, p. 117-27, 1990. ] [ Graf, H.-F., | Cooling down of the Northern Hemisphere-a possible trigger for El Nino/Southern Oscillation episodes, | Die Naturwissenschaften, vol.73, no.5, p. 258-63, 1986. ] [ Graf, H.-F., | On the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and Northern Hemisphere temperature, | Gerlands Beitraege zur Geophysik, vol.95, no.1, p. 63-75, 1986. ] [ Graf, H.-F.; Funke, H., | Blocking situations in the European-Atlantic region. I. Phenomenological studies,| (There is some evidence of the concentration of blocking situations in El Nino years, meaning that the development of the blocking situations in the European-Atlantic region may well be favoured by positive anomalies of sst's in the tropical Pacific) : Zeitschrift fur Meteorologie, vol.36, no.2, p. 104-12, 1986. ] [ Graff, John V., | When El Nino Becomes La Nina (Adios El Nino, Buenos Dias La Nina)., | Plane & pilot. Volume 34, Number 6, pp. 52, June 01, 1998. ] [ Graham, N.E.; Barnett, TP, | ENSO and ENSO-related predictability. Part 2: Northern Hemisphere 700-mb height predictions based on a hybrid coupled ENSO model, | J. CLIM., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 544-549, 1995 [see Barnett, TP, et al. for part I.. ] [ Graham, N.E.; Michaelsen, J.; Barnett, T.P., | An investigation of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycle with statistical models. I. Predictor field characteristics, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14251-70, 1987. ] [ Graham, N.E.; Michaelsen, J.; Barnett, T.P., | An investigation of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycle with statistical models. II. Model results, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14271-89, 1987. ] [ Graham, N.E.; White, W. B., | The El Nino cycle: a natural oscillator of the Pacific Ocean - atmosphere system, | Science, v240 n4857, pp 1293-1302, 1988. ] [ Graham, N.E.; White, W.B., | The role of the western boundary in the ENSO cycle: experiments with coupled models, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.20, no.12, p. 1935-48, 1990. ] [ Graham, N.E.; White, W.B.; Battisti, D.S., | Comments on 'On the role of off-equatorial oceanic Rossby waves during ENSO' (with reply), | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.21, no.3, p. 453-65, 1991. ] [ Granger, O.E., | Anomalous California Winters and the ENSO Phenomena, | Physical geography, v 9 n 3 P: 201, 1988 . ] [ Grant, P. R.; Grant, B. R., | The extraordinary El Nino event of 1982-83: effects on Darwin's finches on Isla Genovesa, Galapagos, | Oikos, v49 n1, pp 55-66, 1987. ] [ Gray, W.M., | Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency. I. El Nino and 30 mb Quasi-Biennial Oscillation influences, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.112, no.9, p. 1649-68, 1984. ] [ Gray, W.M., | Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency. II. Forecasting its variability,| (regional sea-level pressure data from Caribbean basin meteorological stations can be combined with the more global El Nino and quasi-biennial oscillation information to form a forecast scheme for Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.112, no.9, p. 1669-83, 1984. ] [ Gray, W.M.; Sheaffer, J.D.; Knaff, J.A., | Hypothesized mechanism for stratospheric QBO influence on ENSO variability, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.19, no.2, p. 107-10, 1992. ] [ Gray, W.M.; Sheaffer, J.D.; Knaff, J.A., | Influence of the stratospheric QBO on ENSO variability, | Journal Meteorological Society of Japan, v70 n5, pp 975-995, 1992. ] [ Green, P. M. ; D. M. Legler, C. J. Miranda V, and J. J. O'Brien, | The North American Climate Patterns Associated With The El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Available Online, 1997. ] [ Grieger, B.; Latif, M., | Reconstruction of the El Nino attractor with neural networks, | Climate Dynamics, v10 n6-7, pp 267-276, 1994. ] [ Grimm, A.M.; Barros, V.R.; Doyle, M.E., | Climate variability in southern South America associated with El Nino and La Nina events, | Journal of Climate, Vol 13, Iss 1, pp 35-58, 2000. ] [ Grimm, A.M., Ferraz, S.E.T., Gomes, J., | Precipitation anomalies in southern Brazil associated with El Nino and La Nina events, | Journal of Climate, volume 11, number 11, pp. 2863-2880, 1998. ] [ Gross, R.S. ; Matcus, S.L.; Eubanks, T.M.; Dickey, J.O.; Keppenne, C.L., | Detection of an ENSO signal in seasonal variations, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, no.23, p. 3373-6, 1996 . ] [ Gross, R.S.; Fong Chao, B., | Excitation study of the LAGEOS-derived Chandler wobble,| (study is conducted into the possible influence on the Chandler wobble of the extraordinarily strong 1982-1983 ENSO event) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, no.B11, p. 9369-80, 1985. ] [ Grove, Rh, | Global Impact Of The 1789-93 El Nino, | Nature, 393: (6683) 318-319 May 28 1998. ] [ Gu Run-yuan; Liu Xiao-dong; Wang Yu-xi, | The previous stratosphere characteristics of El Nino, | Chinese Science Bulletin, vol.37, no.10, p. 842-6, 1992. ] [ Gueri, M.; Gonzalez, C.; Morin, V., | The effect of the floods caused by ' El Nino' on health, | Disasters, v10 n2, pp 118-124, 1986. ] [ Guerra, C. G. C.; Portflitt, G. K., | El Nino Effects on Pinnipeds in Northern Chile, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 47-54, 1991. ] [ Guetter, A K ; Georgakakos, K P, | Are The El Nino And La-Nina Predictors Of The Iowa-River Seasonal Flow, | Journal Of Applied Meteorology V. 35 No. 5 P. 690-705, 1996. ] [ Guilderson, Tp; Schrag, Dp, | Abrupt Shift In Subsurface Temperatures In The Tropical Pacific Associated With Changes In El Nino, | Science, 281: (5374) 240-243 Jul 10 1998. ] [ Guinet, C.; Jouventin, P.; Georges, J-Y., | Long term population changes of fur seals Arctocephalus gazella and Arctocephalus tropicalis on subantarctic (Crozet) and subtropical (St. Paul and Amsterdam) islands and their possible relationship to El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Antarctic Science, v6 n4, pp 473-478, 1994. ] [ Gunn, J., | Influences of various forcing variables on global energy balance during the period of intensive instrumental observation (1958-1987) and their implications for paleoclimate,| (The ENSO appears to act as a hemispheric energy balancing mechanism) : Climatic Change, vol.19, no.4, p. 393-420, 1991. ] [ Guo Qiyun,; Wang Risheng, | The relationship between the winter monsoon activity over east Asia and the El Nino events, | Acta Geographica Sinica, v45 n1, pp 68-77, 1990. ] [ Guoxiong Wu; Ngar-Cheung Lau, | A GCM simulation of the relationship between tropical-storm formation and ENSO, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.120, no.6, p. 958-77, 1992. ] [ Gushchina, D. Yu.; Semenov, E. K., | Planetary transformation of the vertical cells of tropical atmospheric circulation during the 1982-1983 El Nino culmination, | Russian Meteorology & Hydrology, v10, pp 1-7, 1994. ] [ Guyette, James. | Features - Hantavirus Risk Increases With Deer Mice Population - PCOs are alerted as El Nino and La Nina create mouse-friendly habitats, | Pest control, volume 67, number 8, pp. 24, 1999. ] [ Guzman, H. M.; Cortes, J.; Richmond, R. H.; Glynn, P. W., | Effects of 'El Nino - Southern oscillation' 1982/83 in the coral reefs at Isla del Cano, Costa Rica, | Revista de Biologia Tropical, v35 n2, pp 325-332, 1987. ] [ Hae-Kyung Kim, | A statistical analysis for El Nino phenomenon, | Oceanographical Society of Korea, v27 n1, pp 35-45, 1992. ] [ Hagen, E.; Schmager, G., | On mid-latitude air pressure variations and related SSTA fluctuations in the tropical/subtropical Northern Atlantic from 1957 to 1974,| (It is concluded that inter-annual changes in the tropical/subtropical (SSTA)/sup z/ (5 degrees N-30 degrees N) are influenced by global ENSO-like variations in the ocean/atmosphere system) : Zeitschrift fur Meteorologie, vol.41, no.3, p. 176-90, 1991. ] [ Hales, S., Weinstein, P., Woodward, A. | Ciguatera (fish poisoning), El Nino, and Pacific sea surface temperatures, | Ecosystem Health 5: (1) 20-25 MAR 1999. ] [ Hales, S; Weinstein, P; Souares, Y; Woodward, A, | El Nino and the dynamics of vectorborne disease transmission, | Environmental Health Perspectives, P 99-102, 1999. ] [ Hales, S; Weinstein, P; Woodward, A, | Dengue Fever Epidemics In The South-Pacific Driven By El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Lancet V. 348 No. 9042 14 P. 1664-1665, 1996. ] [ Halligan, T, | El Nino Blows Through Dac, | Electron Des, 46: (17) 16-16 Jul 20 1998. ] [ Halpern, D., | Observations of annual and El Nino thermal and flow variations at 0 degrees, 110 degrees W and 0 degrees, 95 degrees W during 1980-1985, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C8, p. 8197-212, 1987. ] [ Hamilton, K., | A detailed examination of the extratropical response to tropical El Nino/ Southern Oscillation events, | Journal of Climatology, v8 n1, pp 67-86, 1988. ] [ Hamilton, K., | A general circulation model simulation of El Nino effects in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere stratosphere, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.20, no.17, p. 1803-6, 1993. ] [ Hamilton, K.; Garcia, R., | El Nino/Southern Oscillation events and their associated midlatitude teleconnections 1531-1841, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.67, no.11, p. 1354-61, 1986. ] [ Handler, P., | Possible association between the climatic effects of stratospheric aerosols and sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean,| (Model calculations suggest that the occurrence of ENSO events may be related to the appearance of a stratospheric aerosol generated by volcanic eruptions) : Journal of Climatology, vol.6, no.1, p. 31-41, 1986. ] [ Handler, P., | Possible association of stratospheric aerosols and El Nino type events, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.11, no.11, p. 1121-4, 1984. ] [ Handler, P., | Stratospheric aerosols and the Indian monsoon,| (Since the Indian monsoon is part of the ENSO system, which is, in turn, part of a larger global climate pattern, there is a good chance that stratospheric aerosols may be responsible for a large number of climate anomalies associated with the ENSO) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.91, no.D13, p. 14475-90, 1986. ] [ Handler, P., | USA Corn Yields, The El Nino and Agricultural Drought: 1867-1988, | International journal of climatology, v 10 n 8 Page: 819, 1990. ] [ Handler, P.; Andsager, K., | Volcanic aerosols, El Nino and the Southern Oscillation, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.10, no.4, p. 413-24, 1990. ] [ Handler, P.; Handler, E., | Climatic anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean and corn yields in the United States,| (association between El Nino events and annual corn production in the United States was investigated) : Science, vol.220, no.4602, p. 1155-6, 1983. ] [ Hanna, A.F.; Stevens, D.E.; Reiter, E.R., | Short-term climate fluctuations forced by thermal anomalies,| (Two sea surface temperature anomaly patterns are investigated. The first is called El Nino) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.41, no.1, p. 122-41, 1984. ] [ Hansen, A.R.; Sutera, A.; Venne, D.E., | An examination of midlatitude power spectra. evidence for standing variance and the signature of El Nino, | Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and ocean, V 41 n 5 Page: 371, 1989. ] [ Hansen, D. V., | Physical aspects of the El Nino event of 1982-1983, | Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 1-20 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Hansen, D. V.; Herman, A., | Evolution of Isotherm Depth Anomalies in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean During the El Nino Event of 1982-1983, | Journal of geophysical research : JGR C, Ocean, v 94 n 10 Page: 14,461, 1989. ] [ Hansen, JW; Jones, JW; Kiker, CF; Hodges, AW, | El Nino Southern Oscillation impacts on winter vegetable production in Florida, | Journal of Climate, p. 92-102, 1999 ] [ Hanson, K.; Brier, G. W.; Maul, G. A., | Evidence of Significant Nonrandom Behavior in the Recurrence of Strong El Nino Between 1525-1988, | Geophysical research letters, v 16 n 10 Page: 1181, 1989. ] [ Hanson, Kirby; Maul, George A., | Florida Precipitation and the Pacific El Nino, 1895-1989, | Florida Scientist, Volume 54, Numbers 3-4, p. 160-168, Summer 1991. ] [ Hao Chunjiang,; Zhang Lin,; Xue Zhenhe,; Xie Simei, | Antarctic sea ice and ENSO event, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v12 n4, pp 549-561, 1993. ] [ Hardman, Chris Mackey, | Weathering Nature's Spoiled Child, | Americas, volume 50, number 2, 1998. ] [ Harrison, D.E., | Monthly mean island surface winds in the central tropical Pacific and El Nino events, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.12, p. 3133-45, 1987. ] [ Harrison, D.E., | The appearance of sustained equatorial surface westerlies during the 1982 Pacific warm event, | Science, vol.224, no.4653, p. 1099-102, 1984. ] [ Harrison, D.E.; Cane, M.A., | Changes in the Pacific during the 1982-83 event ( El Nino), | Oceanus, v27 n2, pp 21-28, 1984. ] [ Harrison, D.E.; Craig, A.P., | Ocean model studies of upper-ocean variability at 0 degrees, 160 degrees W during the 1982-1983 ENSO: local and remotely forced response, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.23, no.3, p. 425-51, 1993. ] [ Harrison, D.E.; Giese, B.S.; Sarachik, E.S., | Mechanisms of SST change in the equatorial waveguide during the 1982-3 ENSO, | Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.2, p. 173-88, 1990. ] [ Harrison, D.E.; Larkin, N.K., | El Nino-Southern Oscillation sea surface temperature and wind anomalies, 1946-1993, | Reviews of Geophysics, vol.36, no.3, p. 353-99 . ] [ Harrison, D.E.; Larkin, N K, | The Coads Sea-Level Pressure Signal A Near-Global El Nino Composite And Time-Series View, 1946-1993, | Journal Of Climate V. 9 No. 12 Pt. 1 P. 3025-3055, 1996. ] [ Harrison, D.E.; Larkin, N.K., | Seasonal US Temperature And Precipitation Anomalies Associated With El Nino: Historical Results And Comparison With 1997-98, | Geophys Res Lett, 25: (21) 3959-3962 Nov 1 1998. ] [ Harrison, D.E.; Luther, D.S., | Surface winds from tropical Pacific islands-climatological statistics,| (A substantial near-equatorial zonal wind variance maximum is shown to be related to ENSO period variability) : Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.2, p. 251-71, 1990. ] [ Harrison, D.E.; Schopf, P.S., | Kelvin-wave-induced anomalous advection and the onset of surface warming in El Nino events, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.112, no.5, p. 923-33, 1984. ] [ Harrison, D.E., Vecchi, G.A., | On the termination of El Nino | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (11) 1593-1596 JUN 1 1999. ] [ Harvey, R.R.; Patzert, W.G., | Deep current measurements suggest long waves in the eastern equatorial Pacific,| (During the 1975 El Nino expedition an array of conventional and electric field type near-bottom current recorders was deployed at the equator 300 kilometers west of the Galapagos Islands) : Science, vol.193, no.4256, p. 883-5, 1976. ] [ Hasselmann, K.; Barnett, T.P., | Techniques of linear prediction for systems with periodic statistics,| (methods are applied to the problem of predicting El Nino off South America) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.38, no.10, p. 2275-83, 1982. ] [ Hastenrath, S., | Tropical climate protection: A progress report, 1985-90,| (Numerical modeling has been used to advantage for the predication of El Nino) : Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.71, no.6, p. 819-25, 1990. ] [ Haston, L.; Michaelson, J., | Long-term central coastal California precipitation variability and relationships to El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.9, p. 1373-87, 1994. ] [ Hayes, S.P.; Mangum, L.J.; Barber, R.T.; Huyer, A.; Smith, R.L., | Hydrographic variability west of the Galapagos Islands during the 1982-3 El Nino, | Progress in Oceanography, vol.17, no.1-2, p. 137-62, 1986. ] [ Hayes, S.P.; Ping Chang; McPhaden, M.J., | Variability of the sea surface temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific during 1986-1988,| (This period coincides with the onset and development of the 1986-1987 El Nino-Southern Oscillation warm event and a subsequent cold event in 1988) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, no.C6, p. 10553-66, 1991. ] [ Hays, C., | Effects of the 1982-83 El Nino on Humboldt penguin colonies in Peru, | Biological Conservation, v36 n2, pp 169-180, 1986. ] [ Heath, C. B.; Ono, K. A.; Boness, D. J.; Francis, J. M., | The Influence of El Nino on Female Attendance Patterns in the California Sea Lion, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 138-145, 1991. ] [ Hebert, D.; Moum, J.N.; Paulson, C.A.; Caldwell, D.R.; Chereskin, T.K.; McPhaden, M.J., | The role of the turbulent stress divergence in the equatorial Pacific zonal momentum balance,| (From a comprehensive set of upper ocean measurements made during a moderate El Nino in boreal spring 1987, the authors reassess the role of turbulence in transporting momentum vertically at the equator) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, no.C4, p. 7127-36, 1991. ] [ Held, I. M.; Kang, I.-S., | Barotropic models of the extratropical response to El Nino, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, v44 n23, pp 3576-3586, 1987. ] [ Held, I.M.; In-sik Kang, | Barotropic models of the extratropical response to El Nino, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.44, no.23, p. 3576-86, 1987. ] [ Held, I.M.; Lyons, Steven W.; Nigam, Sumant, | Transients and the Extratropical Response to El Nino, | Journal of the atmospheric sciences. v 46 n 1 Page: 163, 1989 . ] [ Helvarg, David, | Weathering El Nino, | American forests. Volume 104, Number 3, pp. 29, 1998. ] [ Henderson, K.A.; Thompson, L.G.; Lin, P.N., | Recording of El Nino in ice core delta O-18 records from Nevado Huascaran, Peru, | Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, Vol 104, Iss D24, pp 31053-31065, 1999. ] [ Henin, C.; Hisard, P., | The North Equatorial Countercurrent observed during the Programme Francais Ocean Climat dans l'Atlantique Equatorial experiment in the Atlantic Ocean, July 1982 to August 1984,| (Focal observations have also shown that a long-term change of NECC may occur and contribute to the development of an 'El Nino' type event in the eastern Atlantic Ocean) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C4, p. 3751-8, 1987. ] [ Hense, A., | Multivariate statistical investigations of the northern hemisphere circulation during the El Nino event 1982-3, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.38A, no.3, p. 189-204, 1986. ] [ Hense, A., | On the possible existence of a strange attractor for the Southern Oscillation, | Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, vol.60, no.1, p. 34-47, 1987. ] [ Hernandez-Trujillo, S. | Variability of community structure of Copepoda related to El Nino 1982-83 and 1987-88 along the west coast of Baja California Peninsula, Mexico , | Fisheries Oceanography, Vol 8, Iss 4, pp 284-295, 1999. ] [ Heusser, L. E.; Sirocko, F., | Millennial pulsing of environmental change in Southern California from the past 24 k.y.; a record of Indo-Pacific ENSO events?, | Geology, v.25, n.3, p.243-246, 1997. ] [ Hickey, B., | The relationship between fluctuations in sea level, wind stress and sea surface temperature in the Equatorial Pacific,| (A detailed description of the signature of an El Nino event on sea level, wind stress and sea surface temperature fields is given) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.5, no.3, p. 460-75, 1975. ] [ Hill, HSJ; Park, JH; Mjelde, JW; Love, HA; Fuller, SW, | The value of El Nino forecast methods for US winter wheat producers: Do they differ?, | American Journal of Agricultural Economics, p. 1188-1188, 1998 ] [ Hirono, M., | On the trigger of El Nino Southern Oscillation by the forcing of early El Chichon volcanic aerosols, | Journal of Geophysical Research, v93 D5, pp 5365-5384, 1988. ] [ Hisard, P., | The 'El Nino' response of the Eastern Tropical Atlantic, | Oceanologica Acta, vol.3, no.1, p. 69-78, 1980. ] [ Hisard, P., | The Atlantic El Nino response revisited, | Hydrologie Continentale, v5 n2, pp 87-104, 1990. ] [ Hocquenghem, A. M.; Ortlieb, L., | El Nino phenomena and unusual precipitations in coastal Peru, XVI-XIXth centuries, | Bulletin - Institute Francais d'Etudes Andines, v21 n1, pp 197-278, 1992. ] [ Hocquenghem, A. M.; Ortlieb, L., | Pizarro did not arrive in Peru during an El Nino year, | Bulletin - Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines, v19 n2, pp 327-334, 1990. ] [ Hoerling, M.P.; Blackmon, M.L.; Ting, M.F., | Simulating the atmospheric response to the 1985-7 El Nino cycle, | Journal of Climate, vol.5, no.7, p. 669-82, 1992. ] [ Hoerling, Martin P; Kumar, Arun, | Why do North American climate anomalies differ from one El Nino event to another? (Paper 97GL00918), | Geophysical research letters, Volume 24, Number 9, pp. 1059, 1997. ] [ Hoerling, Martin P; Kumar, Arun; Zhong, Min, | El Nino, La Nina, and the Nonlinearity of Their Teleconnections, | Journal of Climate, Volume 10, Number 8, pp. 1769, 1997. ] [ Hoerling, M.P.; Ting, M., | Organization of extratropical transients during El Nino, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.5, p. 745-66, 1994. ] [ Hoerling, M.P.; Ting, M.; Kumar, A., | Zonal flow-stationary wave relationship during El Nino: implications for seasonal forecasting, | Journal of Climate, vol.8, no.7, p. 1838-52, 1995. ] [ Hogan Sr, Tom, | El Nino Claims Its First Industry Victim, | Information Today, Volume 14, Number 9, pp. 10, 1997. ] [ Holden, C., | El Nino says adios, as computers predicted, | Science v. 263, Feb. 4, p. 607, 1994. ] [ Holden, C., | The El Nino that won't go away, | Science v. 265, p. 2006, 1994. ] [ Hsieh, W. W.; Hamon, B. V., | The El Nino-Southern Oscillation in south-eastern Australian waters, | Australian journal of marine and freshwater rese, v 42 n 3 Page: 263, 1991. ] [ Hsiung, J.; Newell, R.E., | The principal nonseasonal modes of variation of global sea surface temperature, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, no.10, p. 1957-67, 1983. ] [ Huang Ronghui; Yan Bangliang; Gambo, K., | Role of basic flow in influence of ENSO on winter circulation over the Northern Hemisphere, | Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, vol.15, no.3, p. 44-54, 1991. ] [ Huang Zhen; Tao Shiyan, | Primary study on the anomaly of tropical circulations and the mechanism of El Nino development in the summer of 1982, | Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, vol.16, no.1, p. 62-8, 1992. ] [ Huang, J P.; Cho, H R.; North, G R, | Applications Of The Cyclic Spectral-Analysis To The Surface-Temperature Fluctuations In A Stochastic Climate Model And A Gcm Simulation, | Atmosphere-Ocean V. 34 No. 4 96 Dec P. 627-646, 1996. ] [ Huang, Jp; Higuchi, K; Shabbar, A, | The Relationship Between The North Atlantic Oscillation And El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Geophys Res Lett, 25: (14) 2707-2710 Jul 15 1998. ] [ Huber, H. R., | Changes in the Distribution of California Sea Lions North of the Breeding Rookeries During the 1982-83 El Nino, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 129-137, 1991. ] [ Huber, H. R.; Beckham, C.; Nisbet, J., | Effects of the 1982-83 El Nino on Northern Elephant Seals on the South Farallon Islands, California, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 219-233, 1991. ] [ Hudson, Michael.; Holmes, Craig., | El Nino brings wave of risk issues., | Business Insurance, v. 32 no10, p. 14., 1998. ] [ Hughen, Konrad A; Schrag, Daniel P; Jacobsen, Stein B; Hantoro, Wahyoe, | Highlights of This Issue - Ocean Sciences and Climate Studies - El Nino during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia (Paper 1999GL006062), | Geophysical research letters, Volume 26, Number 20, pp. 3129, 1999. ] [ Hughes, R. A., | Notes on the effects of El Nino on the seabirds of the Mollendo district, southwest Peru in 1983, | Ibis, v127 n3, pp 385-388, 1985. ] [ Hunt, A.G. | Understanding a possible correlation between El Nino occurrence frequency and global warming, | Bulletin of the American Meteorologial Society 80: (2) 297-300 FEB 1999. ] [ Hurlburt, H.E.; Kindle, J.C.; O'Brien, J.J., | A numerical simulation of the onset of El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.6, no.5, p. 621-31, 1976. ] [ Hurlburt, H.E.; Kindle, J.C.; O'Brien, J.J., | A numerical simulation of the onset of El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.6, no.5, p. 621-31, 1976. ] [ Huyer, A.; Smith, R.L., | The signature of El Nino off Oregon, 1982-3, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, no.C4, p. 7133-42, 1985. ] [ Huyer, A.; Smith, R.L.; Paluszkiewicz, T., | Coastal upwelling off Peru during normal and El Nino times, 1981-4, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14297-307, 1987. ] [ Iglesias, A ; Erda, L ; Rosenzweig, C, | Climate-Change In Asia A Review Of The Vulnerability And Adaptation Of Crop Production,| (In South And Southeast Asia, There Is Concern About How Climate Change May Affect El Nino/Southern Oscillation Events, Since These Play A Key Role In Determining Agricultural Production) : Water Air And Soil Pollution V. 92 No. 1-2 P. 13-27, 1996. ] [ In-Sik Kang; Ngar-Cheung Lau, | Principal modes of atmospheric variability in model atmospheres with and without anomalous sea surface temperature forcing in the tropical Pacific,| (In the second experiment (the 'SST runs'), the sea surface temperature conditions in the tropical Pacific Basin were prescribed to follow the actual month-to-month changes observed during the period 1962-76, which encompasses several El Nino events) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.43, no.22, p. 2719-35, 1986. ] [ Inoue, H Y ; Ishii, M ; Matsueda, H ; Ahoyama, M ; Asanuma, I, | Changes In Longitudinal Distribution Of The Partial-Pressure Of Co2 (Pco(2)) In The Central And Western Equatorial Pacific, West Of 160-Degrees-W,| (Results Indicate That The Area Showing Higher Surface Pco(2) Values Correlates With The Soi) : Geophysical Research Letters V. 23 No. 14 1 P. 1781-1784, 1996. ] [ Inoue, H.Y. ; Sugimura, Y., | Variations and distributions of CO/sub 2/ in and over the equatorial Pacific during the period from the 1986/88 El Nino event to the 1988/89 La Nina event, | Tellus, Series B (Chemical and Physical Meteorology), vol.44B, no.1, p. 1-22, 1992. ] [ Inoue, M.; O'Brien, J.J., | Predictability of the decay of the 1982/83 El Nino, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.6, p. 967-72, 1986. ] [ Inoue, M.; O'Brien, J.J.; White, W.B.; Pazan, S.Z., | Interannual variability in the tropical Pacific for the period 1979-82, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C11, p. 11671-9, 1987. ] [ Inoue, M.I.; O'Brien, J.J., | A forecasting model for the onset of a major El Nino, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.112, no.11, p. 2326-37, 1984. ] [ Inoue, M.I.; O'Brien, J.J., | A forecasting model for the onset of a major El Nino, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.112, no.11, p. 2326-37, 1984. ] [ Inoue, M.I.; O'Brien, J.J., | Predictability of the decay of the 1982/83 El Nino, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.6, p. 967-72, 1986. ] [ Inoue, M.I.; O'Brien, J.J.; White, W.B.; Pazan, S.Z., | Interannual variability in the tropical Pacific for the period 1979-82, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C11, p. 11671-9, 1987. ] [ International Conference on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, its Sources, Sinks and Global Transport, | International Conference on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, its Sources, Sinks and Global Transport,| (topics were dealt with included CO/sub 2/ release during the 1982-1983 El Nino) : Tellus, Series B (Chemical and Physical Meteorology), vol.39B, no.1-2, 1987. ] [ Isdale, P.; Kotwicki, V., | Lake Eyre and the Great Barrier Reef: a paleohydrological ENSO connection, | South Australian Geographical Journal, v87, pp 44-55, 1987. ] [ Ismail, S.A., | Long-range seasonal rainfall forecast for Zimbabwe and its relation with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), | Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol.38, no.2, p. 93-102, 1987. ] [ Iverson, S. J.; Oftedal, O. T.; Boness, D. J., | The Effect of El Nino on Pup Development in the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) II. Milk Intake, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 180-184, 1991. ] [ Izaurralde RC, Rosenberg NJ, Brown RA, et al., | Modeled effects of moderate and strong 'Los Ninos' on crop productivity in North America, | Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 94: (3-4) 259-268 MAY 3 1999. ] [ Jacobs, G.A.; Hurlburt, H.E.; Kindle, J.C.; Metzger, E.J.; Mitchell, J.L.; Teague, W.J.; Wallcraft, A.J., | Decade-scale trans-Pacific propagation and warming effects of an El Nino anomaly, | Nature, vol.370, no.6488, p. 360-3, 1994. ] [ Jaksic, F.M., | The Multiple Facets Of El Nino Southern Oscillation In Chile, | Rev Chil Hist Nat, 71: (2) 121-131 Jun 1998. ] [ Jaksic, F.M.; Lazo, I., | Response of a bird assemblage in semiarid Chile to the 1997-1998 El Nino, | Wilson Bulletin, Vol 111, Iss 4, pp 527-535, 1999. ] [ Jaksic, F.M.; Silva, S.I.; Meserve, P.L.; Gutierrez, J.R., | A long-term study of vertebrate predator and responses to an El Nino (ENSO) disturbance in western South America, | Oikos, Volume 78, Number 2, pp. 341, 1997. ] [ Janicot, S.; Moron, V.; Fontaine, B., | Sahel droughts and ENSO dynamics, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, no.5, p. 515-18, 1996. ] [ Janowiak, J.E. ; Arkin, P.A., | Rainfall variations in the tropics during 1986-1989, as estimated from observations of cloud-top temperature,| (Large-scale shifts in rainfall in the tropics, particularly the western tropical Pacific, were observed during the transition from 'warm' (1986-1987) to 'cold' (1988-1989) El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, suppl., p. 3359-73, 1991. ] [ Janowiak, J.E., | The global climate for September-November 1991: warm (ENSO) episode conditions strengthen, | Journal of Climate, v6 n8, pp 1616-1638, 1993. ] [ Janowiak, J.E., | The global climate of December 1989-February 1990: extreme temperature variations in North America, persistent warmth in Europe and Asia, and the return of ENSO-like conditions in the Western Pacific, | Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.6, p. 685-709, 1990. ] [ Jensen, MP; Mather, JH; Ackerman, TP, | Observations of the 1997-98 warm ENSO event at the Manus Island ARM site, | Geophysical Research Letters, p. 4517-4520, 1998 ] [ Ji, M ; Leetmaa, A ; Kousky, V E, | Coupled Model Predictions Of Enso During The 1980s And The 1990s At The National Centers For Environmental Prediction,| (Climatic Variability During 1982-1992 In The Tropical Pacific Was Dominated By Strong Low-Frequency Interannual Variations Characterized By Three Warm And Two Cold El Nino Episodes) : Journal Of Climate V. 9 No. 12 Pt. 1 P. 3105-3120, 1996. ] [ Ji, Ming; Leetmaa, Ants, | Impact of Data Assimilation on Ocean Initialization and El Nino Prediction, | Monthly Weather Review, Volume 125, Number 5, pp. 742, 1997. ] [ Jia, Y.L.; Wells, N.C.; Rowe, M.A., | A simulation of the 1982-3 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.C4, p. 5395-403, 1990. ] [ Jianhua Ju; Slingo, J., | The Asian summer monsoon and ENSO, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.121, no.525, p. 1133-68, 1995. ] [ Jimenez, R.; Barniol, R.; de Barniol, L.; Machuca, M., | Infection of IHHN virus in two species of cultured penaeoid shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) and Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) in Ecuador during El Nino 1997-98, | Aquaculture Research, Vol 30, Iss 9, pp 695-705, 1999. ] [ Jin, F.-F., | Tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction, the Pacific cold tongue, and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Science, vol.274, no.5284, p. 76-8, 1996 . ] [ Jin, F.-F.; Neelin, J.D.; Ghil, M., | El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the annual cycle: subharmonic frequency-locking and aperiodicity, | Physica D, vol.98, no.2-4, p. 442-65, 1996 . ] [ Jin, Fei-Fei; Neelin, J.D.; Ghil, M., | El Nino on the devil's staircase: annual subharmonic steps to chaos, | Science, vol.264, no.5155, p. 70-2, 1994. ] [ Jirikowic, J.L.; Kalin, R.M., | A possible paleoclimatic ENSO indicator in the spatial variation of annual tree-ring /sup 14/C, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.20, no.6, p. 439-42, 1993. ] [ Johnson, G.C.; McPhaden, M.J.; Rowe, G.D.; McTaggart, K.E., | Upper equatorial Pacific Ocean current and salinity variability during the 1996-1998 El Nino-La Nina cycle , | Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, Vol 105, Iss C1, pp 1037-1053, 2000. ] [ Johnson, K.A., | El Nino and the Teacher at Sea., | Science scope / Volume 21, Number 7, pp. 23, April 01, 1998. ] [ Johnson, M.A.; O'Brien, J.J., | The Northeast Pacific Ocean response to the 1982-3 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.C5, p. 7155-66, 1990. ] [ Jones, C.G. and Thorncroft, C.D., | The Role of El Nino in Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity, | Weather, vol. 53, no. 9, p. 324, 1998. ] [ Joseph, P.V.; Eischeid, J.K.; Pyle, R.J., | Interannual variability of the onset of the Indian summer monsoon and its association with atmospheric features, El Nino, and sea surface temperature anomalies, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.1, p. 81-105, 1994. ] [ Joseph, P.V.; Liebmann, B.; Hendon, H.H., | Interannual variability of the Australian summer monsoon onset: possible influence of Indian summer monsoon and El Nino, | Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.5, p. 529-38, 1991. ] [ Joubert, A, | El Nino, La Nina And Summer Rainfall Variability Over South Africa, | South African Journal of Science, 94: (1) 2-2 Jan 1998. ] [ Juillet-Leclerc, A.; Labeyrie, L.D.; Reyss, J.L.; Schrader, H., | Temperature variability in the Gulf of California during the last century: a record of the recent strong El Nino, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.18, no.10, p. 1889-92, 1991. ] [ Jury MR, Mulenga HM, Mason SJ | Exploratory long-range models to estimate summer climate variability over southern Africa | Journal of Climate, 12: (7) 1892-1899 JUL 1999. ] [ Kaczmarska, I.; Fryxell, G.A., | Micro-phytoplankton of the equatorial Pacific: 140(degree)W meridianal transect during the 1992 El Nino, | Deep-sea Research: Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, Volume 42, Number 2-3, pp. 535, 1995. ] [ Kadioglu M, Tulunay Y, Borhan Y | Variability of Turkish precipitation compared to El Nino events, | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (11) 1597-1600 JUN 1 1999. ] [ Kaduk, J.; Heimann, M., | The climate sensitivity of the Osnabruck Biosphere Model on the ENSO time scale, | Ecological Modelling, v75-76, pp 239-256, 1994. ] [ Kahya, E.; Dracup, J.A., | The influences of Type 1 El Nino and La Nina events on streamflows in the Pacific Southwest of the United States, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.6, p. 965-76, 1994. ] [ Kane, R.P. | Rainfall extremes in some selected parts of Central and South America: ENSO and other relationships reexamined, | International Journal of Climatology 19: (4) 423-455 MAR 30 1999. ] [ Kane, R.P., | El Nino timings and rainfall extremes in India, Southeast Asia and China, | International Journal of Climatology 19: (6) 653-672 MAY 1999. ] [ Kane, R.P., | Relationship between QBOs of stratospheric winds, ENSO variability and other atmospheric parameters, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.12, no.5, p. 435-47, 1992. ] [ Karl, D. M.; Letelier, R.; Hebel, D., | Ecosystem changes in the North Pacific subtropical gyre attributed to the 1991-92 El Nino, | Nature v. 373, p. 230-4, 1995. ] [ Karoly, D. J., | Southern Hemisphere Circulation Features Associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events, | Journal of climate, v 2 n 11 Page: 1239, 1989] [ Kawabe, M., | Mechanisms of interannual variations of equatorial sea level associated with El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, v24 n5, pp 979-993, 1994. ] [ Kawabe, M., | Sea level variations due to equatorial Rossby waves associated with El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.23, no.8, p. 1809-22, 1993. ] [ Kawamura, R, | A possible mechanism of the Asian summer monsoon-ENSO coupling, | Journal Of The Meteorological Society Of Japan, p. 1009-1027, 1998 ] [ Keables, M. J., | Spatial variability of midtropospheric circulation patterns and associated surface climate in the United States during ENSO winters, | Physical Geography, v13 n4, pp 331-348, 1992. ] [ Keefer, D.K.; Defrance, S.D.; Moseley, M.E., Et Al., | Early Maritime Economy And El Nino Events At Quebrada Tacahuay, Peru, | Science, 281: (5384) 1833-1835 Sep 18 1998. ] [ Keeling, C.D.; Revelle, R., | Effects of El Nino/Southern Oscillation on the atmospheric content of carbon dioxide, | Meteoritics, vol.20, no.2, pt.2, p. 437-50, 1985. ] [ Keeling, C.D.; Whorf, T. P.; Wahlen, M.; van der Plicht, J. : | Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980 : | Nature (London), 375, pp. 666-70, 1995. ] [ Keith, R.; Bate, P.W.; Cheang, B.K.; Sankaran, P., | The tropical circulation in the Australian/Asian region November 1988 to April 1989,| (Seasonal circulation anomalies typical of the phase of ENSO are documented and discussed) : Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.39, no.1, p. 37-46, 1991. ] [ Kelly, P.M.; Jones, P.D., | Removal of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation signal from the gridded surface air temperature data set, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.101, no.D14, p. 19013-22, 1996 . ] [ Ken-Chung Ko; Vincent, D.G., | Behavior of one to two week summertime subtropical wind maxima over the South Pacific during an ENSO cycle, | Journal of Climate, vol.9, no.1, p. 5-16, 1996. ] [ Kennedy, J.A.; Brassell, S.C., | Molecular records of twentieth-century El Nino events in laminated sediments from the Santa Barbara basin, | Nature, vol.357, no.6373, p. 62-4, 1992. ] [ Keppenne, CL, | An ENSO signal in soybean futures prices, | J. Climate, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 1623-1627, 1994. ] [ Keqin Dong, | El Nino and tropical cyclone frequency in the Australian region and the northwest Pacific, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, v36 n4, pp 219-225, 1988. ] [ Kerr RA, | Atmospheric science - Does a globe-girdling disturbance jigger El Nino? | Science 285: (5426) 322-323 JUL 16 1999. ] [ Kerr, R. A., | Paleoclimate-El Nino grew strong as cultures were born, | Science, p. 467-468, 1999 ] [ Kerr, R. A., | El Nino metamorphosis throws forecasters, | Science v. 262, Oct. 29, p. 656-7, 1993. ] [ Kerr, R. A., | Another try at forecasting El Nino, | Science, v232 n4747, p 155, 1986. ] [ Kerr, Ra, | Climate Prediction - Models Win Big In Forecasting El Nino, | Science, 280: (5363) 522-523 Apr 24 1998. ] [ Kessler, W.S., | Can reflected extra-equatorial Rossby waves drive ENSO?, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.21, no.3, p. 444-52, 1991. ] [ Kessler, W.S.; McPhaden, M.J., | Oceanic equatorial waves and the 1991-93 El Nino, | Journal of Climate, vol.8, no.7, p. 1757-74, 1995. ] [ Kessler, W.S.; McPhaden, M.J., | The 1991-1993 El Nino in the central Pacific, | Deep-sea Research: Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, Volume 42, Number 2-3, pp. 295, 1995. ] [ Kessler, W.S.; Taft, B.A., | Dynamic heights and zonal geostrophic transports in the central tropical Pacific during 1979-84,| (During the El Nino of 1982-83, water of very low surface salinity was observed spanning the equator; this event is attributed both to extreme local rainfall and anomalous advection from the western Pacific) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.17, no.1, p. 97-122, 1987. ] [ Kesteloot, Robert W. | Y2K, El Nino, and Other Cyclical Phenomena. | Sea power, volume 42, number 1, pp. 27, January 01, 1999. ] [ Khalsa, S.J.S., | The role of sea surface temperature in large-scale air-sea interactions,| (Data from the 1972-73 El Nino event are used to study relationships between sst, surface wind, surface heat fluxes and rainfall in the tropical Pacific east of the dateline) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.11, no.5, p. 954-66, 1983. ] [ Khole, M. | SST over Indian Ocean during 1997 El-Nino event, | Current Science, Vol 77, Iss 10, pp 1241-1245, 1999. ] [ Kiladis, G.N.; Diaz, H.F., | An analysis of the 1877-1978 ENSO episode and comparison with 1982-3, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.6, p. 1035-47, 1986. ] [ Kilian, A.H.D., Langi, P., Talisuna, A., et al. | Rainfall pattern, El Nino and malaria in Uganda, | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93: (1) 22-23 JAN-FEB 1999. ] [ Kimura, Dk; Shimada, Am; Shaw, Fr, | Stock Structure And Movement Of Tagged Sablefish, Anoplopoma Fimbria, In Offshore Northeast Pacific Waters And The Effects Of El Nino Southern Oscillation On Migration And Growth, | Fish Bull, 96: (3) 462-481 Jul 1998. ] [ Kindle, J.C.; Phoebus, P.A., | The ocean response to operational westerly wind bursts during the 1991-1992 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.100, no.C3, p. 4893-920, 1995. ] [ Kininmonth, W.R., | The 1997/1998 El Nino event: Scientific and technical initiatives, | WMO bulletin, volume 48, number 3, pp. 255, 1999. ] [ Kininmonth, W. R.; Harrison, M., | A review of the impacts of the 1997/1998 El Nino, | WMO bulletin, volume 48, number 3, pp. 267, 1999. ] [ Kirchner, I.; Graf, H.-F., | Volcanos and El Nino: signal separation in Northern Hemisphere winter, | Climate Dynamics, vol.11, no.6, p. 341-58, 1995. ] [ Kirtman BP, Schopf PS: | Decadal variability in ENSO predictability and prediction, Journal of Climate 11: (11) 2804-2822, 1998. ] [ Kitoh, A., | Simulations of climate,| (topics discussed include the El Nino simulation) : Systems, Control and Information, vol.35, no.9, p. 537-44, 1991. ] [ Kleeman R, McCreary JP, Klinger BA | A mechanism for generating ENSO decadal variability, | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (12) 1743-1746 JUN 15 1999. ] [ Kleeman, R., | A simple model of the atmospheric response to ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, no.1, p. 3-18, 1991. ] [ Kleeman R., Moore A.M. | A new method for determining the reliability of dynamical ENSO predictions, | Monthly Weather Review 127: (5) 694-705 MAY 1999. ] [ Klein, S.A., Soden, B.J., Lau, N.C. | Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge, | Journal of Climate 12: (4) 917-932 APR 1999. ] [ Knutson, T.R.; Manabe, S., | Impact of increased CO/sub 2/ on simulated ENSO-like phenomena, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.21, no.21, p. 2295-8, 1994. ] [ Kocin, Paul J.; Graf, Daniel H.; Gartner, William A., | The 1997-1998 Snow Season - El Nino significantly impacted snowfall totals across the United States, | Weatherwise, volume 52, number 2, pp. 62, 1999. ] [ Kodera, K, | Consideration Of The Origin Of The Different Midlatitude Atmospheric Responses Among El Nino Events, | J Meteorol Soc Jpn, 76: (3) 347-361 Jun 1998. ] [ Kogan, FN, | A typical pattern of vegetation conditions in southern Africa during El Nino years detected from AVHRR data using three-channel numerical index., | International Journal Of Remote Sensing, p. 3689-3695, 1998 ] [ Kok, C.J.; Opsteegh, J.D., | Possible causes of anomalies in seasonal mean circulation patterns during the 1982-83 El Nino event, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.42, no.7, p. 677-94, 1985. ] [ Komhyr, W.D.; Gammon, R.H.; Harris, T.B.; Waterman, L.S.; Conway, T.J.; Taylor, W.R.; Thoning, K.W., | Global atmospheric CO/sub 2/ distribution and variations from 1968-1982 NOAA/GMCC CO/sub 2/ flask sample data,| (time-series data sets reveal variations related to several El Nino/Southern Oscillation events) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, no.D3, p. 5567-96, 1985. ] [ Koshlyakov, Mn; Romanov, Aa; Romanov, Ya, | El Nino - Southern Oscillation And Iceberg Distribution In The Pacific Antarctic, | Okeanologiya, 38: (4) 485-495 Jul-Aug 1998. ] [ Kotwickl, V.; Isdale, P., | Hydrology of Lake Eyre Australia: El Nino link, | Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecolog, v 84 n 1 / 4 Page: 87, 1991. ] [ Kousky, V.E., | The global climate for December 1984-February 1985: a case of strong intraseasonal oscillations, | (Tropical oceanic and atmospheric anomaly patterns for the entire season are similar to those found in composites for the northern winter before the onset of ENSO episodes) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.113, no.12, p. 2158-72, 1985. ] [ Kousky, V.E., | The global climate for December 1986-February 1987: El Nino returns to the tropical Pacific, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.11, p. 2822-38, 1987. ] [ Kousky, V.E., | The global climate of December 1991-February 1992: mature- phase warm (ENSO) episode conditions develop, | Journal of Climate, v6 n8, pp 1639-1655, 1993. ] [ Kousky, V.E.; Kagano, M.T.; Cavalcanti, F.A., | A review of the Southern Oscillation: oceanic-atmospheric circulation changes and related rainfall anomalies, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.36A, no.5, p. 490-504, 1984. ] [ Krishnamurti, T.N.; Rohaly, G.; Oosterhof, D., | A note on the simulation of winter monsoon anomalies during an El Nino year, | Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.53, no.1-2, p. 51-9, 1994. ] [ Krishnan, R.; Kasture, S.V., | Modulation of low frequency intraseasonal oscillations of northern summer monsoon by El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO), | Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.60, no.4, p. 237-57, 1996. ] [ Krishnan, R.; Venkatesan, C.; Keshavamurthy, R.N., | Dynamics of upper tropospheric stationary wave anomalies induced by ENSO during the northern summer: A GCM study., | Academy proceedings in earth and planetary sciences. Volume 107, Number 1, pp. 65, March 01, 1998. ] [ Kruger, AC, | The influence of the decadal-scale variability of summer rainfall on the impact of El Nino and La Nina events in South Africa, | International Journal Of Climatology, p. 59-68, 1999 ] [ Kruse, H.A.; Von Storch, H., | A step towards long range weather prediction: the exceptional atmospheric circulation of January 1983 and its relation to El Nino, | Meteorologische Rundschau, vol.39, no.5, p. 152-60, 1986. ] [ Kumar, A; Hoerling, MP, | Annual cycle of Pacific North American seasonal predictability associated with different phases of ENSO, | Journal of Climate, p. 3295-3308, 1998 ] [ Kumar KK, Rajagopalan B, Cane MA | On the weakening relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO, | Science 284: (5423) 2156-2159 JUN 25 1999. ] [ Kumar, KK; Kleeman, R; Cane, MA; Rajagopalan, B, | Epochal changes in Indian monsoon-EN, | precursors, | Geophysical Research Letters, p. 75-78, 1999 ] [ Kuo, H.L., | Long-Term Oscillations in the Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean System and El Nino Phenomenon, | Journal of climate, v 2 n 12 Page: 1421, 1989. ] [ Kutsuwada, K., | Quasi-periodic variabilities of wind-stress fields over the Pacific Ocean related to ENSO events, | Journal Meteorological Society of Japan, v69 n6, pp 687-700, 1991. ] [ Laabs, Jj, | Some Business People Raise El Nino; Others Curse It, | Workforce, 77: (4) 14-14 Apr 1998. ] [ Lagos, P.; Mitchell, T.P.; Wallace, J.M., | Remote forcing of sea surface temperature in the El Nino region, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14291-6, 1987. ] [ Laguardia, C; Tallent, E, | The El Nino Cd-Rom, | Libr J, 123: (11) 116-116 Jun 15 1998. ] [ Land, Thomas., | Forecasting future El Ninos., | Contemporary Review, v. 272 no1589, p. 304-8., 1998. ] [ Lander, M.A., | An exploratory analysis of the relationship between tropical storm formation in the western North Pacific and ENSO, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.122, no.4, p. 636-51, 1994. ] [ Lange, C. B.; et al., | El Nino in Santa Barbara Basin: diatom, radiolarian and foraminiferan responses to the ' 1983 El Nino' event, | Marine Geology, v78 n1-2, pp 153-160, 1987. ] [ Langford, Ao; O'Leary, Tj; Masters, Cd, Et Al., | Modulation Of Middle And Upper Tropospheric Ozone At Northern Midlatitudes By The El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Geophysical Research Letters, 25: (14) 2667-2670 Jul 15 1998. ] [ Latif, M.; Anderson, D.; Barnett, T.; Cane, M.; Kleeman, R.; Leetmaa, A.; O'Brien, J.; Rosati, A.; Schneider, E., | A review of the predictability and prediction of ENSO, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.103, no.C7, p. 14375-93 . ] [ Latif, M., et al., | A review of ENSO prediction studies, | Climate Dynamics, v9 n4-5, pp 167-179, 1994. ] [ Latif, M., | ENSO modelling at MPI, | Monograph: Climate-Ocean Interaction. Proc. Workshop, Oxford, 1988, pp 173-191 / Editor: Schlesinger, M.E., 1990. ] [ Latif, M., | El Nino: research on a climatic oscillation, | Geographische Rundschau, v38 n2, pp 90-95, 1986. ] [ Latif, M., | Tropical ocean circulation experiments,| (Special attention is given to the simulation of the 1982/83 El Nino event) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.17, no.2, p. 246-63, 1987. ] [ Latif, M.; Biercamp, J.; Von Storch, H.; McPhaden, M.J.; Kirk, E., | Simulation of ENSO related surface wind anomalies with an atmospheric GCM forced by observed SST, | Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.5, p. 509-21, 1990. ] [ Latif, M.; Flugel, M., | An investigation of short-range climate predictability in the tropical Pacific,| (predictability of the ENSO phenomenon was investigated by analyzing observed sea levels, surface stresses, and subsurface temperatures simulated with an oceanic gcm forced by observed winds) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, no.C2, p. 2661-73, 1991. ] [ Latif, M.; Kleeman, R.; Eckert, C., | Greenhouse Warming, Decadal Variability, or El Nino? An Attempt to Understand the Anomalous 1990s, | Journal of Climate, Volume 10, Number 9, pp. 2221, 1997. ] [ Latif, M.; Sterl, A.; Maier-Reimer, E.; Junge, M.M., | Structure and predictability of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model, | Journal of Climate, vol.6, no.4, p. 700-8, 1993. ] [ Lau KM, Wu HT | Assessment of the impacts of the 1997-98 El Nino on the Asian-Australia monsoon, | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (12) 1747-1750 JUN 15 1999. ] [ Lau, Ka-Ming, | Elements of a stochastic-dynamical theory of the long-term variability of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.42, no.14, p. 1552-8, 1985. ] [ Lau, Ka-Ming ; Chan, P.H., | Short-term climate variability and atmospheric teleconnections from satellite-observed outgoing longwave radiation. II. Lagged correlations, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.40, no.12, p. 2751-67, 1983. ] [ Lau, Ka-Ming ; Chan, P.H., | The 40-50 day oscillation and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation: a new perspective, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.67, no.5, p. 533-4, 1986. ] [ Lau, Ka-Ming ; Ho, C.-H.; Chou, M.-D., | Water vapor and cloud feedback over the tropical oceans: can we use ENSO as a surrogate for climate change?, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, no.21, p. 2971-4, 1996. ] [ Lau, Ka-Ming, | Intraseasonal and interannual variations of tropical convection: a possible link between the 40-50 day oscillation and ENSO?, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, v45 n3, pp 506-521, 1988. ] [ Lau, N C; Nath, M J, | The Role Of The Atmospheric Bridge In Linking Tropical Pacific Enso Events To Extratropical Sst Anomalies, | Journal Of Climate V. 9 No. 9 P. 2036-2057, 1996. ] [ Lau, N.C.; Philander, S.G.H.; Nath, M.J., | Simulation of ENSO-like phenomena with a low-resolution coupled GCM of the global ocean and atmosphere, | Journal of Climate, vol.5, no.4, p. 284-307, 1992. ] [ Lavaniegos BE, Gonzalez-Navarro E | Changes in the copepod community during the 1992-93 ENSO at San Lorenzo Channel, Gulf of California, | Ciencias Marinas MAR 25: (2) 239-265 JUN 1999. ] [ Lavaniegos-Espejo, B. E.; Lara-Lara, J. R., | Zooplankton of the Gulf of California after the 1982-1983 El Nino event: biomass distribution and abundance, | Pacific Science, v44 n3, pp 297-310, 1990. ] [ Lavery, B.M.; Karoly, D.J., | The 1986-1989 ENSO cycle over the western Pacific Ocean, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.40, no.2, p. 71-9, 1992. ] [ Lawson, L.M.; Palmer, D.R., | Acoustic ray-path fluctuations induced by El Nino, | Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.75, no.5, p. 1343-5, 1984. ] [ Le Boeuf, B. J., | The Natural History of the Northern Elephant Seal, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis., Volume 88, pp 205-205, 1991. ] [ Le Boeuf, B. J.; Reiter, J., | Biological Effects Associated with El Nino, Southern Oscillation 1982-83, on Northern Elephant Seals Breeding at Ano Nuevo, California, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 206-218, 1991. ] [ LeComte, D., | A year of world wide extremes: flood and droughts ( El Nino, 1983), | Weatherwise, v37 n1, pp 8-11,14-17,19, 1984. ] [ Leetmaa, A., | The Interplay of El Nino and La Nina, | Oceanus, v 32 n 2 Page: 30, 1989. ] [ Leetmaa, A., | The role of local heating in producing temperature variations in the offshore waters of the eastern tropical Pacific,| (Results from a simple model incorporating local heating, offshore Ekman transports, and upwelling suggest a scenario for the 1972-73 El Nino) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, no.3, p. 467-73, 1983. ] [ Leetmaa, A.; Behringer, D.W.; Huyer, A.; Smith, R.L.; Toole, J., | Hydrographic conditions in the Eastern Pacific before, during and after the 1982/83 El Nino, | Progress in Oceanography, vol.19, no.1, p. 1-47, 1987. ] [ Legeckis, R., | A satellite time series of sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, 1982-86,| (The time lapse evaluation of the data reveals annual and interannual variations of the SST which are related to the 1982-83 ENSO as well as to coastal and equatorial upwelling events) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.91, no.C11, p. 12879-86, 13087-8, 1986. ] [ Legler, David M. ; Kelly, J. Bryant and James J. O'Brien, | Impact of ENSO-Related Climate Anomalies on Crop Yields in the US, | Climatic Change 42: (2) 351-375 JUN 1999, ] [ Legrand, M.; Feniet-Saigne, C., | Methanesulfonic acid in south polar snow layers: a record of strong El Nino?, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.18, no.2, p. 187-90, 1991. ] [ Lehodey, P.; Bertignac, M.; Hampton, J.; Lewis, A.; Picaut, J. : | El Nino Southern Oscillation and tuna in the western Pacific : | Nature (London), 389, pp. 715-718, 1997. ] [ Leigh Jr, E. G.; Windsor, D. M.; Rand, A. S.; Foster, R. B., | The impact of the 'El Nino' drought of 1982-83 on a Panamanian semideciduous forest, | Monograph: In: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 473-486 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Leung, L.R.; Hamlet, A.F.; Lettenmaier, D.P.; Kumar, A., | Simulations of the ENSO hydroclimate signals in the Pacific Northwest Columbia River basin, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol 80, Iss 11, pp 2313-2329, 1999. ] [ Leutwyler, K., | No global warming? CO2 readings on Mauna Loa show declining emissions (noting El Nino events & Mount Pinatubo eruption of June 1991), | Scientific American v. 270, Feb., p. 24, 1994. ] [ Levezey, R.E.; Mo, K.C., | Tropical-extratropical teleconnections during the Northern Hemisphere winter. II. Relationships between monthly mean Northern Hemisphere circulation patterns and proxies for tropical convection, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.12, p. 3115-32, 1987. ] [ Levitskii, L.S.; Rykhlova, L.V.; Sidorenkov, N.S., | El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Earth rotation variations, | Astronomy Reports, vol.39, no.2, p. 240-4, 1995. ] [ Li Chong-Yin, | A further study on interaction between anomalous winter monsoon in East Asia and El Nino, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v10/3, 309-320, 1996. ] [ Li Chong-Yin, | A study of the influence of El Nino upon typhoon action over the western Pacific, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.45, no.2, p. 229-36, 1987. ] [ Li Chong-Yin, | A study on interaction between the East Asia atmospheric circulation and El Nino, | Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, vol.11, no.4, p. 359-64, 1987. ] [ Li Chong-Yin, | Actions of typhoons over the western Pacific (including the South China Sea) and El Nino, | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, v5 n1, pp 107-115, 1988. ] [ Li Chong-Yin, | Frequent activities of stronger aerotroughs in East Asia in wintertime and the occurrence of the El Nino event, | Science in China, Series B, v32 n8, pp 976-985, 1989. ] [ Li Chong-Yin, | Interaction between anomalous winter monsoon in East Asia and El Nino events, | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, v7 n1, pp 36-46, 1990. ] [ Li Chong-Yin; Long Zhen-Xia, | Evolution of the QBO and theinfluence of the ENSO (stratospheric wind oscillations and El Nino events), | Chinese Science Bulletin, vol.36, no.12, p. 1016-20, 1991. ] [ Li Chong-Yin; Zhou Ya-Ping, | Relationship between intraseasonal oscillation in the tropical atmosphere and ENSO, | Acta Geophysica Sinica, v37 n1, pp 17-26, 1994. ] [ Li Peiji, | A preliminary study of snow mass variations over past 30 years in China,| (Heavier than normal snowfall associated with El Nino : Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.48, no.4, p. 433-7, 1990. ] [ Li Ruodun; Sun Ruiben; Qu Weizheng; Jing Chuancai, | Violent eruption of volcanoes and El Nino event, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.48, no.2, p. 220-4, 1990. ] [ Li Zhengxin, | Correlation of latitude observational residuals of Washington PZT at U.S. Naval Observatory with El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Acta Astronomica Sinica, vol.36, no.1, p. 47-52, 1995. ] [ Li Zou ; Yunqi, Ni, | Diagnosis of low frequency component of ENSO variability - part I: global-scale dynamic characteristics of the component, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v10/4, 419-429, 1996. ] [ Li Zou ; Yunqi, Ni, | Diagnosis on low frequency component of ENSO variability - part II: origin of the component, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v11/1, 35-44, 1997. ] [ Li, Cy; Li, Gl, | Activities Of Quasi-Stationary Waves In The Tropical Atmosphere And El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Prog Nat Sci, 8: (3) 321-325 Jun 1998. ] [ Lien, R.-C.; Caldwell, D.R.; Gregg, M.C.; Moum, J.N., | Turbulence variability at the equator in the central Pacific at the beginning of the 1991-1993 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.100, no.C4, p. 6881-98, 1995. ] [ Light, Lori L., | El Nino can hammer inland marine writers., | National Underwriter (Property & Casualty/Risk & Benefits Management Edition), v. 102 no22, p. 28., 1998. ] [ Lima, L., Marquet, P.A., Jaksic, F.M. | El Nino events, precipitation patterns, and rodent outbreaks are statistically associated in semiarid Chile, | Ecography 22: (2) 213-218 APR 1999. ] [ Lima M, Keymer JE, Jaksic FM | El Nino-southern oscillation-driven rainfall variability and delayed density dependence cause rodent outbreaks in western South America: Linking demography and population dynamics | American Naturalist 153: (5) 476-491 MAY 1999 [ Lin Xuechun; Yu Shuqiu, | El Nino and rainfall during the flood season (June-August) in China, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.51, no.4, p. 434-41, 1993. ] [ Lin, Z.S.; Zhao, P.Z.; Zhao, W.T., | The solar eclipse-El Nino coefficients and its application, | Chinese Journal of Geophysics - Chinese Edition, Vol 42, Iss 6, pp 732-738, 1999. ] [ Lindsey, Gerald D.; Pratt, Thane K.; Reynolds, Michelle H.; Jacobi, James D., | Response of Six Species of Hawaiian Forest Birds to a 1991-1992 El Nini Drought, | The Wilson Bulletin, Volume 109, Number 2, pp. 339, 1997. ] [ Liu Yongqiang,; Ding Yihui, | Influence of El Nino on weather and climate in China, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v6 n1, pp 117-131, 1992. ] [ Liu Zanpei,; Song Wanxian,; Lin Shaohua,; Zhang Dongsheng, | Abnormality of the monsoon wind in the sea area along the southeastern coast of China and the response of the northern area of the South China Sea during the ENSO events, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v11 n3, pp 389-400, 1992. ] [ Liu Jiaming, | Large-scale atmosphere-ocean interaction during epochs of warm sea surface temperature over the tropical Pacific,| (simple air-sea coupled model is used to investigate the effect of large scale air-sea interaction during epochs of anomalous warm sea surface temperature over the equatorial Pacific (El Nino)) : Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, vol.9, no.1, p. 1-10, 1985. ] [ Liu, D; Fryxell, G A; Kaczmarska, I, | El Nino (1992) In The Equatorial Pacific Low Biomass With A Few Dominating Species In The Microphytoplankton, | Journal Of Plankton Research V. 18 No. 7 P. 1167-1184, 1996. ] [ Liu, W.T.; Gautier, C., | Thermal forcing on the tropical Pacific from satellite data, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.C8, p. 13209-17, 13579-80, 1990. ] [ Liu, W.T.; Niiler, P.P., | The sensitivity of latent heat flux to the air humidity approximations used in ocean circulation models, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.C6, p. 9745-53, 1990. ] [ Lockwood, J. G., | The Southern Oscillation and El Nino, | Progress in Physical Geography, v8 n1, pp 102-110, 1984. ] [ Long Baosen, | The latent and sensible heat fluxes over the western tropical Pacific and its relationship to ENSO, | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, v6 n4, pp 467-474, 1989. ] [ Lopez, T; Wollrab, Ti, | Animals Stricken By El Nino Storms, | J Amer Vet Med Assn, 212: (7) 937-938 Apr 1 1998. ] [ Lough, J. M.; Fritts, H. C., | Historical aspects of El Nino/Southern Oscillation - information from tree rings, | Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 285-321 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Lovett, Ra, | Ecology - El Nino Drives Spectacular Flower Show, | Science, 280: (5372) 2048-2049 Jun 26 1998. ] [ Lu, HJ; Lee, KT; Liao, CH, | On the relationship between El Nino Southern oscillation and South Pacific albacore, | Fisheries Research, p. 1-7, 1998 ] [ Lukas, R.; Hayes, S.P.; Wyrtki, K., | Equatorial sea-level response during the 1982-3 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.89, no.C6, p. 10425-30, 1984. ] [ Lukas, R.; Lindstrom, E., | The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean,| (The discovery of the shallow mixed layer in the western equatorial Pacific has important implications for the ENSO phenomenon) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, suppl., p. 3343-57, 1991. ] [ Lunkeit, F.; Sausen, R.; Oberhuber, J.M., | Climate simulations with the global coupled atmosphere-ocean model ECHAM2/OPYC. I. Present-day climate and ENSO events, | Climate Dynamics, vol.12, no.3, p. 195-212, 1996. ] [ Lunsford, Dan, | Features - El Nino '98: San Leandro's Response to a "Private" Problem - Homeowners living on private property asked their local government for help and got it -- No questions asked, | Public management, volume 80, number 11, pp. 12, 1998. ] [ Luther, D.S.; Harrison, D.E., | Observing long-period fluctuations of surface winds in the tropical Pacific: initial results from island data,| (wind stress changes associated with El Nino events in the period 1950-78 are examined at seven locations) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.112, no.2, p. 285-302, 1984. ] [ Luther, D.S.; Harrison, D.E.; Knox, R.A., | Zonal winds in the central equatorial Pacific and El Nino, | Science, vol.222, no.4621, p. 327-30, 1983. ] [ Luyanas, V.Yu., | El Nino and the Seasonal Maximum in the Concentration of Radioactive Aerosols in the Lower Atmosphere, | Izvestiia. Atmospheric and oceanic physics., v 25 n 11 Page: 909, 1989. ] [ Lynn, RJ, et al., | The state of the California current, 1997-1998: Transition to El Nino conditions, | California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports, p. 25-49, 1998 ] [ Lynn, R.J., | The 1982-83 Warm Episode in the California Current, (The Warm Episode (El Nino) of 1982-83 has produced elevated steric height (geopotential anomaly) along the coast of California and Baja California), | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.10, no.11, p. 1093-5, 1983. ] [ Lyver, P.O.; Moller, H.; Thompson, C., | Changes in sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus chick production and harvest precede ENSO events, | Marine Ecology-Progress Series, Vol 188, pp 237-248, 1999. ] [ Ma, K., | A study on flow field and heat exchange anomalies on tropical Pacific surface in the El Nino and La Nino events, | Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.61, no.1-2, p. 65-73, 1996 . ] [ Ma, K.,; Yao Huadong,; Jiang Dayong, | Study on air-sea heat exchange mechanism in El Nino and La Nina events, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica (English Edition), v7 n1, pp 79-89, 1993. ] [ Maas, O.; Boulanger, J.P.; Thiria, S., | Use of neural networks for predictions using time series: Illustration with the El Nino Southern oscillation phenomenon, | Neurocomputing, Vol 30, Iss 1-4, pp 53-58, 2000. ] [ Mabres, A.; Michelotti, F.; Oquelis, T.; Rodriques, R., | Tropospheric research in an unclouded atmospheric regime in the district of Piura, | Elettrotecnica, vol.77, no.11, p. 1077-54, 1990. ] [ Machare, J.; Ortlieb, L., | Records of El Nino phenomena and ENSO events in South America. Proceedings of an international symposium, Lima, March 1992,| (This edition contains 21 papers from the symposium, detailing past and present ENSO events) : Bulletin - Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines, v22 n1, 406 pp, 1993. ] [ Macilwain, C., | El Nino centre is forecasting 'first', | Nature v. 378, p. 228, 1995. ] [ Macintyre, I. G.; Glynn, P. W., | Upper limit of El Nino killoff, | Coral Reefs : Journal of the International Society for Reef Studies, Volume 9, Number 2, p. 92, 1990. ] [ Mackey, Dj; Parslow, Js; Griffiths, Fb, Et Al., | Phytoplankton Productivity And The Carbon Cycle In The Western Equatorial Pacific Under El Nino And Non-El Nino Conditions, | Deep-Sea Research Pt II-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 44: (9-10) 1951-1978 1997 . ] [ Madigan, Je, | Are You Ready For El Nino?, | J Equine Vet Sci, 18: (2) 72-73 Feb 1998. ] [ Magnum, L.J.; Hayes, S.P.; Toole, J.M., | Eastern Pacific Ocean circulation near the onset of the 1982-3 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.91, no.C7, p. 8428-36, 1986. ] [ Majluf, P., | El Nino Effects on Pinnipeds in Peru, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 55-65, 1991. ] [ Malmgren, Ba; Winter, A; Chen, Dl, | El Nino Southern Oscillation And North Atlantic Oscillation Control Of Climate In Puerto Rico, | Journal of Climate, 11: (10) 2713-2717 Oct 1998. ] [ Mantua, N. J.; Battisti, D. S., | Evidence for the delayed oscillator mechanism for ENSO: the 'observed' oceanic Kelvin mode in the far western Pacific, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, v24 n3, pp 691-699, 1994. ] [ Manzanilla, S. R., | The 1982-1983 El Nino event recorded in detinal growth layers in teeth of Peruvian dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), | Canadian journal of zoology. journal canadien, v 67 n 9 Page: 2120, 1989. ] [ Mariner, Vincent A., | El Nino, Facts, Figures, Images and Predictions - (Internet Resources) - Where to find the latest on this climatic event, | College & research libraries news. Volume 59, Number 9, pp. 663, 1998. ] [ Markham, C.G.; McLain, D.R., | Sea surface temperature related to rain in Ceara, north-eastern Brazil,| (The data suggest an association between below normal sea temperatures in the south Atlantic and the El Nino in the Pacific : Nature, vol.265, no.5592, p. 320-3, 1977. ] [ Marsh, A, | Riding El Nino, | Forbes, 161: (5) 46-46 Mar 9 1998. ] [ Martin, F.; Diaz, A., | Different methods of modeling the variability in the monthly mean concentrations of atmospheric CO/sub 2/ at Mauna Loa,| (The CO trend has risen about 0.5 p.p.m. per El Nino event) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, no.D10, p. 18689-704, 1991. ] [ Martin, L.; Absy, M.L.; Flexor, J.-M.; Fournier, M.; Mourguiart, P.; Sifeddine, A.; Turcq, B., | Records of El Nino-like conditions in South America during the last 7000 years, | Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie II (Mecanique, Physique, Chimie Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers), vol.315, no.1, p. 97-102, 1992. ] [ Martin, L.; Flexor, J.-M.; Valentin, J.-L., | The influence of the pacific 'El Nino' phenomenon on upwelling and on the climate of the region of Cabo Frio, on the Brazilian coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, | Comptes Rendus - Academie des Sciences, Serie II, v307 n9, pp 1101-1105, 1988. ] [ Mason, SJ, | Recent changes in El Nino Southern Oscillation events and their implications for Southern African climate, | Transactions Of The Royal Society Of South Africa, p. 377-403, 1997 ] [ Masumoto, Y.; Yamagata, T., | On the Origin of a Model ENSO in the Western Pacific, | Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan., v 69 n 2 Page: 197, 1991. ] [ Masumoto, Y.; Yamagata, T., | The birth and evolution of an eastward propagating air-sea coupled disturbance in an aqua-planet,| - How these relate to El Nino is investigated : Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.44, no.1-4, p. 1-9, 1990. ] [ Matarira, C.H., | Drought over Zimbabwe in a regional and global context,| (results show significant correlation between the Southern Oscillation and seasonal rainfall over the region : International Journal of Climatology, vol.10, no.6, p. 609-25, 1990. ] [ Matsuura T, Yumoto M, Iizuka S, et al. | Typhoon and ENSO simulation using a high-resolution coupled GCM, | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (12) 1755-1758 JUN 15 1999. ] [ Mauget, Steven A.; Upchurch, Dan R., | Cropping Systems - El Nino and La Nina Related Climate and Agricultural Impacts over the Great Plains and Midwest, | Journal of production agriculture, volume 12, number 2, pp. 203, 1999. ] [ May W., | Space-time spectra of the atmospheric intraseasonal variability in the extratropics and their dependency on the El Nino Southern Oscillation phenomenon: model versus observation | Climate Dynamics 15: (5) 369-387 MAY 1999. ] [ May, W; Bengtsson, L, | The signature of ENSO in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude seasonal mean flow and high-frequency intraseasonal variability, | Meteorology And Atmospheric Physics, p. 81-100, 1998 ] [ Mayer, Da; Weisberg, Rh, | El Nino Southern Oscillation-Related Ocean-Atmosphere Coupling In The Western Equatorial Pacific, | Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 103: (C9) 18635-18648 Aug 15 1998. ] [ McCabe, G.J.; Dettinger, M.D., | Decadal variations in the strength of ENSO teleconnections with precipitation in the western United States, | International Journal of Climatology, Vol 19, Iss 13, pp 1399-1410, 1999. ] [ McCaffrey, M.A.; Farrington, J.W.; Repeta, D.J., | The organic geochemistry of Peru margin surface sediments:I. A comparison of the C37 alkenone and historical El Nino records, | Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, v 54 n 6 Page: 1671, 1990. ] [ McCarthy, J J; Garside, C; Nevins, J L; Barber, R T, | New Production Along 140-Degrees-W In The Equatorial Pacific During And Following The 1992 El Nino Event, | Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies In Oceanography V. 43 No. 4-6 P. 1065-1093, 1996. ] [ McColl, J.G., | El Nino effects on hydrogen ion concentration of a California reservoir, | Biogeochemistry, v 10 n 1 Page: 29, 1990. ] [ McCreary, J.P., Jr., | Eastern tropical ocean response to changing wind systems: with application to El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.6, no.5, p. 632-45, 1976. ] [ McCreary, J.P., Jr.; Anderson, D.L.T., | A simple model of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.112, no.5, p. 934-46, 1984. ] [ McCreary, J.P., Jr.; Anderson, D.L.T., | An overview of coupled ocean-atmosphere models of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation, | J. Geophys. Res. (USA), Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, suppl., p. 3125-50, 1991. ] [ McCulloch, M. T.; Gagan, M. K.; Mortimer, G. E.; Chivas, A. R.; Isdale, P. J., | A high-resolution Sr/Ca and delta "SUP 18" O coral record from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and the 1982-1983 El Nino, | Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v58 n12, pp 2747-2754, 1994. ] [ McGlone, M. S.; Kershaw, A. P.; Markgraf, V., | El Nino / Southern Oscillation climatic variability in Australasian and South American paleoenvironmental records, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 435-462 / Editor: Diaz, H.F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ McGowan, J. A., | The California El Nino, 1983, | Oceanus, v27 n2, pp 48-51, 1984. ] [ McKeon, G. M.; White, D. H., | El Nino and better land management, | Search, v23 n6, pp 197-200, 1992. ] [ McPhaden, M.J. | El Nino - The child prodigy of 1997-98, | Nature 398: (6728) 559-+ APR 15 1999. ] [ McPhaden, M.J., | Climate oscillations-Genesis and evolution of the 1997-98 El Nino, | Science, p. 950-954, 1999 ] [ McPhaden, M.J., | The eleven-year El Nino?, | Nature v. 370, Aug. 4, p. 326, 1994. ] [ McPhaden, M.J.; Hayes, S.P., | On the variability of winds, sea surface temperature, and surface layer heat content in the western equatorial Pacific,| (analysis focuses primarily on daily to monthly time scale variations during the 1986-1987 ENSO event) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, suppl., p. 3331-42, 1991. ] [ McPhaden, M.J.; Hayes, S.P., | Variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during 1986-8,| (period studied coincides with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event of 1986-7 and a subsequent cold event in 1988) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.C8, p. 13195-208, 13573-7, 1990. ] [ McPhaden, M.J.; Hayes, S.P.; Mangum, L.J.; Toole, J.M., | Variability in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1986-7 El Nino/Southern Oscillation event, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.20, no.2, p. 190-208, 1990. ] [ McPhaden, M.J.; Picaut, J., | El Nino-Southern Oscillation displacements of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool, | Science, vol.250, no.4986, p. 1385-8, 1990. ] [ Mearns, A. J., | The "Odd Fish": Unusual occurrences of marine life as indicators of changing ocean conditions, | Chapter 7, pp 137 to 176 In D.F. Soule and G.S. Kleppel (eds), Marine Organisms as Indicators. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. (It summarizes 80 years of effects of warm and cold-water events on marine life of the northeast Pacific). ] [ Mecham, M. | Soaked by El Nino, SFO tackles expansion , | Aviation Week & Space Technology, Vol 150, Iss 18, pp 58-+, 1999. ] [ Mechoso, C.R.; Kitoh, A.; Moorthi, S.; Arakawa, A., | Numerical simulations of the atmospheric response to a sea surface temperature anomaly over the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean,| (SSTA used is an idealization of that compiled by Rasmusson and Carpenter (1982) for the mature phase of El Nino) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.12, p. 2936-56, 1987. ] [ Meehl, G.A., | Seasonal cycle forcing of El Nino-Southern Oscillation in a global, coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM, | Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.1, p. 72-98, 1990. ] [ Meehl, G.A.; Albrecht, B.A., | Response of a GCM with a hybrid convection scheme to a tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly, | Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.7, p. 672-88, 1991. ] [ Meehl, G.A.; Branstator, G. W., | Coupled climate model simulation of El Nino / Southern Oscillation: implications for paleoclimate, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 69-91 / Editor: Diaz, H.F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ Meehl, G.A.; Washington, W.M., | El Nino-like climate change in a model with increased atmospheric CO/sub 2/ concentrations, | Nature, vol.382, no.6586, p. 56-60, 1996 . ] [ Meehl, Ga; Arblaster, Jm, | The Asian-Australian Monsoon And El Nino Southern Oscillation In The Ncar Climate System Model, | Journal of Climate, 11: (6) 1356-1385 Jun 1998. ] [ Meekan, M.G., Wellington, G.M., Axe, L. | El Nino Southern Oscillation events produce checks in the otoliths of coral reef fishes in the Galapagos Archipelago, | Bulletin of Marine Science 64: (2) 383-390 MAR 1999. ] [ Mehta, VM; Lau, K-M, | Influence of solar irradiance on the Indian monsoon-ENSO relationship at decadal-multidecadal time scales, | Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 159-162, 1997. ] [ Meko, D. M., | Spectral properties of tree-ring data in the United States southwest as related to El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 227-241 / Editor: Diaz, H.F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ Mendoza, B.; Enriquez, R.P.; Alvarez-Madrigal, M., | The intense solar activity of March 1989 as a precursor for the occurrence of an ENSO by the end of 1989, | Solar Physics, vol.126, no.1, p. 195-9, 1990. ] [ Mendoza, B.; Perez-Enriquez, R., | Solar activity and 'El Nino', | Geofisica Internacional, v31 n1, pp 41-46, 1992. ] [ Mendoza, B.; Perez-Enriquez, R.; Alvarez-Madrigal, M., | Analysis of solar activity conditions during periods of El Nino events, | Annales Geophysicae. Atmospheres, Hydrospheres and Space Sciences, vol.9, no.1, p. 50-4, 1991. ] [ Meserve, Peter L.; Yunger, John A.; Gutierrez, Julio R., | Heterogeneous responses of small mammals to an El Nino Southern Oscillation event in northcenteral semiarid Chile and the importance of ecological scale, | Journal of Mammalogy v. 76, p. 580-95, 1995. ] [ Meyers, G., | Interannual variation in sea level near Truk Island-a bimodal seasonal cycle,| (Periods of extreme low sea level occur episodically, at the same time that El Nino occurs in the eastern tropical Pacific) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.12, no.11, p. 1161-8, 1982. ] [ Meyers, G., | Variation of Indonesian throughflow and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.101, no.C5, p. 12255-63, 1996 . ] [ Meyers, G.; Donguy, J.R., | The North Equatorial Countercurrent and heat storage in the western Pacific Ocean during 1982-3, | Nature, vol.312, no.5991, p. 258-60, 1984] [ Meyers, G.; Donguy, J.R.; Reed, R.K., | Evaporative cooling of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean by anomalous winds,| (The results show that cooling during 1982-83 was caused by evaporation due to anomalous meridional wind) : Nature, vol.323, no.6088, p. 523-6, 1986. ] [ Meyers, S.D. ; O'Brien, J.J., | Variations in Mauna Loa carbon dioxide induced by ENSO, | EOS, vol. 76, no. 52, Available Online, 1995. ] [ Meyers, S.D. ; O'Brien, J.J., | Variations in Mauna Loa carbon dioxide induced by ENSO, | EOS, vol. 76, no. 52, Available Online, 1995. ] [ Miao Qilong,; Liu Yafang, | Drought, earthquake and El Nino in China, | Earthquake (Beijing), v2 n2, pp 58-65, 1992. ] [ Michaelsen, J.; Thompson, L. G., | A comparison of proxy records of El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 323-348 / Editor: Diaz, H.F., 1993. ] [ Millan-Nunez, E.; Gaxiola-Castro, G., | Spatial variability of phytoplankton in the Gulf of California during the El Nino 1983, | Nova Hedwigia, AUG 01 b 49 h 1 / 2 Page: 113, 1989 . ] [ Miller, A. J.; Barnett, T. P.; Graham, N. E., | A comparison of some tropical ocean models: hindcast skill and El Nino evolution, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, v23 n7, pp 1567-1591, 1993. ] [ Miller, K. A.; Fluharty, D. L, | El Nino and variability in the northeastern Pacific salmon fishery: implications for coping with climate change, | Monograph: Climate Variability, Climate Change And Fisheries, Pp 49-88 / Editor: Glantz, M.H., 1992. ] [ Miller, L.; Cheney, R. E.; Douglas, B. C., | Geosat altimeter observations of Kelvin waves and the 1986-87 El Nino, | Science, v239 n4835, pp 52-54, 1988] [ Miller, L.; Cheney, R., | Large-scale meridional transport in the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1986-1987 El Nino from Geosat, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.C10, p. 17905-19, 1990. ] [ Ming-Dah Chou, | Coolness in the tropical Pacific during an El Nino episode, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.11, p. 1684-92, 1994. ] [ Mingfang Ting,; Hoerling, M. P., | Dynamics of stationary wave anomalies during the 1986/87 El Nino, | Climate Dynamics, v9 n3, pp 147-164, 1993. ] [ Minnich, R.A.; Vizcaino, E.F.; Dezzani, R.J., | The El Nino/Southern Oscillation and precipitation variability in Baja California, Mexico, | Atmosfera, Vol 13, Iss 1, pp 1-20, 2000. ] [ Miskelly, C.M., | Effects of the 1982-83 El Nino event on two endemic landbirds on the Snares Islands, New Zealand, | The Emu, v 90 p 1 Page: 24, 1990. ] [ Mitchell, T P; Wallace, J M, | Enso Seasonality 1950-78 Versus 1979-92, | Journal Of Climate V. 9 No. 12 Pt. 1 P. 3149-3161, 1996. ] [ Mitchum, G.T.; Lukas, R., | Westward propagation of annual sea level and wind signals in the western Pacific Ocean, | Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.10, p. 1102-10, 1990. ] [ Mitchum, H.T., | Trade wind fluctuations associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation events, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C9, p. 9464-8, 1987. ] [ Miyakoda, K.; Navarra, A.; Ward, M.N., | Tropical-wide teleconnection and oscillation. II: The ENSO-monsoon system, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol 125, Iss 560, pp 2937-2963, 1999. ] [ Mo, K.C., | Seasonal climate summary. The global climate of September-November 1990: ENSO-like warming in the western Pacific and strong ozone depletion over Antarctica, | Journal of Climate, vol.6, no.7, p. 1375-91, 1993. ] [ Mo, K.C.; Kalnay, E., | Impact of sea surface temperature anomalies on skill of monthly forecasts, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.119, no.12, p. 2771-93, 1991. ] [ Mo, K.C.; Livezey, R.E., | Tropical-extratropical geopotential height teleconnections during the Northern Hemisphere winter,| (During ENSO years TNH and PNA patterns appear in both simultaneous and lagged maps, but in non-ENSO years, the TNH is weak in simultaneous charts) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.12, p. 2488-515, 1986. ] [ Mo, K.C.; Xueliang Wang, | The global climate of June-August 1992: warm ENSO episode decays and colder than normal conditions dominate the Northern Hemisphere, | Journal of Climate, v7 n2, pp 335-357, 1994. ] [ Monastersky, Richard, | Cousin of El Nino Haunts Indian Ocean, | Science news. Volume 156, Number 13, pp. 196, 1999. ] [ Monastersky, R., | A confusing time for El Nino forecasters, | Science News v. 144, Nov. 20, p. 329, 1993. ] [ Monastersky, R., | Defying predictions, El Nino still simmers, | Science News v. 143, May 8, p. 292-3, 1993. ] [ Monastersky, R., | El Nino is bashful about revealing its age, | Science News v. 150 (Sept. 14 '96) p. 166, 1996. ] [ Monastersky, R., | Exploiting El Nino to avert African famines, | Science News v. 146, July 23, p. 52, 1994. ] [ Monastersky, R., | Ghost of '82 El Nino haunts climate, | Science News v. 146, Aug. 6, p. 84, 1994. ] [ Monastersky, R., | Pacific hints of new El Nino, | Science News v. 146, Sept. 24, p. 198, 1994. ] [ Monastersky, R., | Twin of El Nino found in Indian Ocean, | Science News v. 146, p. 442, 1994. ] [ Monastersky, Richard, | Coral helps explain El Nino oddities, | Science news, Volume 153, Number 22, pp. 340, 1998. ] [ Monteverdi, J. and Null, J., | A Balanced View of the Impact of the 1997/98 El Nino on Californian Precipitation, | Weather, vol. 53, no. 9, p. 310, 1998. ] [ Mooley, D.A.; Parthasarathy, B., | Indian summer monsoon and El Nino, | Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol.121, no.2, p. 339-52, 1984. ] [ Moore, Andrew M; Kleeman, Richard, | The Nonnormal Nature of El Nino and Intraseasonal Variability, | Journal of climate, Volume 12, Number 10, pp. 2965, 1999. ] [ Moore, A.M., Kleeman, R. | Stochastic forcing of ENSO by the intraseasonal oscillation | Journal of Climate 12: (5) 1199-1220 Part 1 MAY 1999. ] [ Moore, A.M.; Kleeman, R., | The dynamics of error growth and predictability in a coupled model of ENSO, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.122, no.534, p. 1405-46, 1996. ] [ Moore, D.; Hisard, P.; McCreary, J.; Merle, J.; O'Brien, J.; Picaut, J.; Verstraete, J.-M.; Wunsch, C., | Equatorial adjustment in the eastern Atlantic,| (This explanation is analogous to current theories of El Nino in the Pacific Ocean) : Geophysical Research Letters, vol.5, no.8, p. 637-40, 1978. ] [ Moore, D.; Hisard, P.; McCreary, J.P.; Merle, J.; O'Brien, J.; Picaut, J.; Verstraete, J.-M.; Wunsch, C., | Equatorial adjustment in the eastern Atlantic,| (This explanation is analogous to current theories of El Nino in the Pacific Ocean) : Geophysical Research Letters, vol.5, no.8, p. 637-40, 1978. ] [ Moore, J. D., | Cultural Responses to Environmental Catastrophes: Post-El Nino Subsistence on the Prehistoric North Coast of Peru, | Latin American antiquity, v 2 n 1 Page: 27, 1991. ] [ Moreira Cedeno, J. E., | El Nino related health hazards. Rainfall and flooding in the Guayas river basin and its effects on the incidence of malaria 1982- 1985, | Disasters, v10 n2, pp 107-111, 1986. ] [ Moreno, Ca; Asencio, G; Duarte, We, Et Al., | Settlement Of The Muricid Concholepas Concholepas And Its Relationship With El Nino And Coastal Upwellings In Southern Chile, | Mar Ecol-Progr Ser, 167: 171-175 1998. ] [ Mori, K., | An Analysis of Meterological Observations in Japanese El Nino Experiment 1987, | Papers in meteorology and geophysics, v 39 n 4 Page: 115, 1988. ] [ Morliere, A.; Rebert, J.P., | Rainfall shortage and El Nino-Southern Oscillation in New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.6, p. 1131-7, 1986. ] [ Moron, V. and Ward, M.N., | ENSO Teleconnections with Climate Variability in the European and African Sectors, | Weather, vol. 53, no. 9, p. 287, 1998. ] [ Morrissey, M.L., | An evaluation of ship data in the equatorial western Pacific,| (Theoretical and observational studies suggest that the equatorial western Pacific plays an important role in El Nino) : Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.1, p. 99-112, 1990. ] [ Motha, R.; Puterbaugh, T.; Lundine, R., | An ill wind: El Nino rainfall anomalies and regional crop yield variability ( Latin America), | Mazingira, v8 n6, pp 13-18, 1985. ] [ Mullen, C, | Seasonal Climate Summary Southern Hemisphere (Summer 1997/98): Warm Event (El Nino) Continues, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, 47: (3) 253-259 Sep 1998. ] [ Munnich, M.; Cane, M.A.; Zebiak, S.E., | A study of self-excited oscillations of the tropical ocean-atmosphere system. II. Nonlinear cases,| (Studies the behavior of an iterative map as a model for El Nino and the Southern Oscillation) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, no.10, p. 1238-48, 1991. ] [ Murakami, T., | Equatorial disturbances, monsoons, and 1982-1983 ENSO, | Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.44, no.1-4, p. 85-100, 1990. ] [ Murakami, Takio; Sumathipala, W.L., | Westerly Bursts during the 1982/83 ENSO, | Journal of climate, v 2 n 1 Page: 71, 1989. ] [ Mureau, R.; Opsteegh, J.D.; Winston, J.S., | Simulation of the effects of tropical heat sources on the atmospheric circulation,| (When the heating was exceptionally large, as during El Nino 1982-3, the similarity between observed and simulated streamfunction anomalies was much better) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.4, p. 856-70, 1987. ] [ Murray, S.N.; Horn, M.H., | Variations in standing stocks of central California macrophytes from a rocky intertidal habitat before and during the 1982-1983 El Nino, | Marine ecology progress series, v 58 n 1 / 2 Page: 113, 1989. ] [ Mysak, L. A., | El Nino, interannual variability and fisheries in northeast Pacific Ocean, | Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, v43 n2, pp 464-497, 1986. ] [ Nagai, T.; Kitamura, Y.; Endoh, M.; Tokioka, T., | Coupled atmosphere-ocean model simulations of El Nino/Southern Oscillation with and without an active Indian Ocean, | Journal of Climate, vol.8, no.1, p. 3-14, 1995. ] [ Nagai, T.; Tokioka, T.; Endoh, M.; Kitamura, Y., | El Nino-Southern Oscillation simulated in an MRI atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model, | Journal of Climate, vol.5, no.11, p. 1202-33, 1992. ] [ Nakamura, K.; Nitta, T.; Matsuno, T.; Simpson, J., | Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project. 5. Scientific background and goals of TRMM,| (El Nino found to be a vigorous precipitation activity. El Nino found to be a result of tropical atmosphere ocean interactions) : Review of the Communications Research Laboratory, vol.36, spec. issue., p. 57-70, 1990. ] [ Namias, J., | Some statistical and synoptic characteristics associated with El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.6, no.2, p. 130-8, 1976. ] [ Namias, J.; Cayan, D. R., | El Nino: implications for forecasting ( USA), | Oceanus, v27 n2, pp 41-47, 1984. ] [ Nanjundiah, RS; Srinivasan, J, | Anomalies of precipitable water vapour and vertical stability during El Nino, | Geophysical Research Letters, p. 95-98, 1999 ] [ Nash, J. Madeleine., | The fury of El Nino., | Time, v. 151, p. 66-73., 1998. ] [ Navarra, A.; Ward, M.N.; Miyakoda, K., | Tropical-wide teleconnection and oscillation. I: Teleconnection indices and type I/type II states, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol 125, Iss 560, pp 2909-2935, 1999. ] [ Neelin, J.D., | A hybrid coupled general circulation model for El Nino studies, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.47, no.5, p. 674-93, 1990. ] [ Neelin, J.D.; Battisti, D.S.; Hirst, A.C.; Fei-Fei Jin; Wakata, Y.; Yamagata, T.; Zebiak, S.E., | ENSO theory, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.103, no.C7, p. 14261-90 . ] [ Neelin JD, Latif M., | El Nino dynamics: Bringer of storms and droughts, the El Nino/Southern Oscillation results from the complex, sometimes chaotic interplay of ocean and atmosphere, | Physics Today 51: (12) 32-36, 1998. ] [ Neng, Shi; Boliang, Luo, | Telecorrelation of the 500 hPa Polar Circulation and El Nino/SO with the Temperature Fields in China, | Advances in atmospheric sciences, v 8 n 3 Page: 289, 1991 . ] [ Newell, R.E.; Weare, B.C., | Ocean temperatures and large scale atmospheric variations,| (The authors analyse some observations of sea surface temperatures to investigate El Nino and the Southern Oscillation) : Nature, vol.262, no.5563, p. 40-1, 1976. ] [ Newman, W. A.; McConnaughey, R. R., | A tropical Eastern Pacific barnacle, Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin), in southern California, following El Nino 1982 -83, | Pacific Science, v41 n1-4, pp 31-36, 1987. ] [ Ngar-Cheung Lau, | Modeling the seasonal dependence of the atmospheric response to observed El Ninos in 1962-76, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.113, no.11, p. 1970-96, 1985. ] [ Ngar-Cheung Lau; Nath, M.J., | The role of the 'atmospheric bridge' in linking tropical Pacific ENSO events to extratropical SST anomalies, | Journal of Climate, v9/9, 2036-2057, 1996. ] [ Ni Yunqi,; Lin Wuyin,; Ning Dongmei, | Numerical study of the short-term climatic oscillation forced by El Nino during northern winter, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v4 n5, pp 554-568, 1990. ] [ Ni Yunqi,; Lin Yuanbi, | Numerical study for characteristic change of Asian summer monsoon circulation and its influence mechanism during the El Nino period, | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, v7 n3, pp 320-330, 1990. ] [ Nicholis, K.H., | El Nino, Ice Cover, And Great Lakes Phosphorus: Implications For Climate Warming, | Limnology and Oceanography, 43: (4) 715-719 Jun 1998. ] [ Nicholls, N., | El Nino - Southern Oscillation impact prediction, | Bulletin - American Meteorological Society, v69 n2, pp 173-176, 1988. ] [ Nicholls, N., | Historical El Nino/Southern Oscillation variability in the Australasian region, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 151-173 / Editor: Diaz, H.F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ Nicholls, N., | Impact of the Southern Oscillation on Australian crops, | Journal of Climatology, vol.5, no.5, p. 553-60, 1985. ] [ Nicholls, N., | Low latitude volcanic eruptions and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Journal of Climatology, v8 n1, pp 91-95, 1988. ] [ Nicholls, N., | Low-latitude volcanic eruptions and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation: a reply, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.10, no.4, p. 425-9, 1990. ] [ Nicholls, N., | Predicting Indian monsoon rainfall from sea-surface temperature in the Indonesia-north Australia area,| (Several studies have described associations between inter-annual variations of the Indian south-west monsoon and the ENSO phenomena, and methods for predicting monsoon rainfall based on these associations have been proposed) : Nature, vol.306, no.5943, p. 576-7, 1983. ] [ Nicholls, N., | The El Nino/Southern Oscillation and Australian vegetation, | Vegetatio, v 91 n 1 / 2 Page: 23, 1991. ] [ Nicholls, N., | The Southern Oscillation and Indonesian sea surface temperature, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.112, no.3, p. 424-32, 1984. ] [ Nicholls, N., | Towards the prediction of major Australian droughts,| (The drought index is shown to be closely related to indices of the ENSO and appears to be predictable from changes in tropical Australian air temperature during the preceding summer) : Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.33, no.4, p. 161-6, 1985. ] [ Nicholls, N.; Lavery, B.; Frederiksen, C.; Drosdowsky, W.; Torok, S., | Recent apparent changes in relationships between the El Nino - Southern Oscillation and Australian rainfall and temperature, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, no.23, p. 3357-60, 1996 . ] [ Nicholls, N.; Wong, K.K., | Dependence of rainfall variability on mean rainfall, latitude, and the Southern Oscillation, | Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.1, p. 163-70, 1990. ] [ Nigam, S., | On the dynamical basis for the Asian summer monsoon rainfall-El Nino relationship, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.11, p. 1750-71, 1994. ] [ Nigam, S; Deweaver, E, | Influence Of Orography On The Extratropical Response To El Nino Events, | Journal of Climate, 11: (4) 716-733 Apr 1998. ] [ Njau, E.C. | Some new characteristics of El Nino events, | Renewable Energy 17: (2) 243-253 JUN 1999. ] [ Njau, E.C., | Generalised theory of ENSO and related atmospheric phenomena, | Renewable Energy, vol.7, no.4, p. 339-52, 1996. ] [ Nouvelot, J. F.; Pourrut, P., | El Nino. Oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon. Importance 1982- 1983 and its impact on the coastal region of Ecuador, | Cahiers - ORSTOM, Serie Hydrologie, v21 n1, pp 39-65, 1984-85. ] [ Nunez, R.H. ; Richards, T.S. ; O'Brien, J.J., | Statistical Analysis of Chilean Precipitation Anomalies associated with "El Nino Southern Oscillation" (1961-1994), | Available Online, 1996. ] [ Nuñez, R.H. ; Richards, T.S. ; O'Brien, J.J., | Statistical Analysis of Chilean Precipitation Anomalies associated with "El Nino Southern Oscillation" (1961-1994), | Available Online, 1996. ] [ Nydam, P. G., | Seasonal climate summary Southern Hemisphere (summer 1991-92): the 1991-92 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode matures, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, v42 n4, pp 183-189, 1993. ] [ Nydam, P. G., | Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (winter 1993): the 1991-93 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode declines, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, v43 n4, pp 283-289, 1994. ] [ O'Brien, J J ; Richards, T S ; Davis, A C, | The Effect Of El Nino On Us Landfalling Hurricanes, | Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society V. 77 No. 4 Apr P. 773-774, Available Online, 1996. ] [ O'Brien, J J; Richards, T S ; Davis, A C, | The Effect Of El Nino On Us Landfalling Hurricanes, | Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society V. 77 No. 4 Apr P. 773-774, Available Online, 1996. ] [ O'Brien, J.J.; Parham, F., | Equatorial Kelvin waves do not vanish, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.120, no.8, p. 1764-6, 1992. ] [ O'Brien, J.J; Parham, F., | Equatorial Kelvin waves do not vanish, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.120, no.8, p. 1764-6, 1992. ] [ O'Loughlin, K, | El Nino, fires and farmers: Communicating with the public through partnerships, | WMO bulletin. Volume 47, Number 3, pp. 260, 1998. ] [ Oberhuber, Jm; Roeckner, E; Christoph, M, Et Al., | Predicting The '97 El Nino Event With A Global Climate Model, | Geophysical Research Letters, 25: (13) 2273-2276 Jul 1 1998. ] [ Ola, Per; Aulaire, Emily D., | Here Comes More Weird Weather - Last year we had El Nino. Now get ready for La Nina, | The Reader's digest, number 919, pp. 37, 1998. ] [ Oldenburg, | A Letting Go (Lang Oak, A 1,000-Year Old Giant In Encino, California, A Victim Of El Nino Rains In February, 1998), | Preservation, 50: (3) 27-27 May-Jun 1998. ] [ Ono, K. A.; Boness, D. J., | The Influence of El Nino on Mother-Pup Behavior, Pup Ontogeny, and Sex Ratios in the California Sea Lion, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, 185-192, 1991. ] [ Onodera, E., | Contributions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the El Nino events and the Earth's rotational speed, | Geodetic Society of Japan, v36 n4, pp 267-276, 1990. ] [ Oort, A; Yienger, J J, | Observed Interannual Variability In The Hadley Circulation And Its Connection To Enso, | Journal Of Climate V. 9 No. 11 P. 2751-2767, 1996. ] [ Orlove, B.S.; Chiang, J.C.H.; Cane, M.A., | Forecasting Andean rainfall and crop yield from the influence of El Nino on Pleiades visibility, | Nature, Vol 403, Iss 6765, pp 68-71, 2000. ] [ Ortlieb, L.; Machare, J., | Former El Nino events: records from western South America, | Global & Planetary Change, v7 n1-3, pp 181-202, 1993. ] [ Otto-Bliesner, BL, | El Nino/La Nina and Sahel precipitation during the middle Holocene, | Geophysical Research Letters, p. 87-90, 1999 ] [ Owen, J.A.; Palmer, T.N., | The impact of El Nino on an ensemble of extended-range forecasts, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.9, p. 2103-17, 1987. ] [ Pain, S, | El Nino Tightens Its Grip On The Galapagos, | New Scientist, 158: (2131) 16-16 Apr 25 1998. ] [ Paine, R. T., | Benthic community-water column coupling during the 1982-1983 El Nino. Are community changs at high latitudes attributable to cause or coincidence?, | Limnology & Oceanography, v31 n2, pp 351-360, 1986. ] [ Palmer, T.N.; Mansfield, D.A., | A study of wintertime circulation anomalies during past El Nino events using a high resolution general circulation model. I. Influence of model climatology, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.112, no.473, p. 613-38, 1986. ] [ Palmer, T.N.; Mansfield, D.A., | A study of wintertime circulation anomalies during past El Nino events using a high resolution general circulation model. II. Variability of the seasonal mean response, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.112, no.473, p. 639-60, 1986. ] [ Palmer, T.N.; Mansfield, D.A., | Response of two atmospheric general circulation models to sea-surface temperature anomalies in the tropical East and West Pacific,| (These experiments suggest a possible explanation for the difference in mid-latitude response during the 1976-7 El Nino winter and the El Nino winters of 1972-3 and 1982-3) : Nature, vol.310, no.5977, p. 483-5, 1984. ] [ Palomares-Garcia, R; Gomezgutierrez, J, | Copepod Community Structure At Bahia-Magdalena, Mexico During El Nino 1983-84, | Estuarine Coastal And Shelf Science V. 43 No. 5 P. 583-595, 1996. ] [ Papanikolaw, Jim., | Fish meal, oil prices remain high because of demand and El Nino., | Chemical Market Reporter, v. 254 no9, p. 8., 1998. ] [ Parente, G. S., | The Surprises of El Nino, | The Construction Specifier, Volume 51, Number 8, p. 23, 1998. ] [ Pariwono, J.I.; Bye, J.A.T.; Lennon, G.W., | Long-period variations of sea-level in Australasia,| (These features are related to the ENSO cycle which for the first time is linked, inter alia, with Southern Ocean mechanisms) : Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.87, no.1, p. 43-54, 1986. ] [ Parris, T. M., | Blame it on El Nino. (Internet sites), | Environment, v. 40 no4, p. 3., 1998. ] [ Parungo, F.; Hicks, B., | Sulfate aerosol distributions and cloud variations during El Nino anomalies, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.98, no.D2, p. 2667-75, 1993. ] [ Patzert, W.C., | El Nino expedition-a step toward ocean prediction, | Naval Research Reviews, vol.29, no.4, p. 18-21, 1976. ] [ Pazan, S.E.; White, W.B.; Inoue, M.; O'Brien, J.J., | Off-equatorial influence upon Pacific equatorial dynamic height variability during the 1982-3 El Nino/Southern Oscillation event, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.91, no.C7, p. 8437-49, 1986. ] [ Pazan, S.E.; White, W.B.; Inoue, M.; O'Brien, J.J., | Off-equatorial influence upon Pacific equatorial dynamic height variability during the 1982-3 El Nino/Southern Oscillation event, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.91, no.C7, p. 8437-49, 1986. ] [ Pearce, A. F.; Phillips, B. F., | ENSO events, the Leeuwin Current, and larval recruitment of the western rock lobster, | Journal du Conseil - Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, v45 n1, pp 13-21, 1988. ] [ Pearce, F. | Coral crumbles - British reefs have failed to recover following El Nino, | New Scientist 162: (2183) 13-13 APR 24 1999. ] [ Pearce, F., | El Nino roars back against the odds, | New Scientist v. 138, p. 7, 1993. ] [ Pearcy, W. G.; Schoener, A., | Changes in the marine biota coincident with the 1982 -1983 El Nino in the northeastern subarctic Pacific Ocean, | Journal of Geophysical Research, v92 C13, pp 14,417-14,428, 1987. ] [ Penland, C.; Matrosova, L., | A balance condition for stochastic numerical models with application to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.9, p. 1352-72, 1994. ] [ Pereyra Diaz, D.; Angulo Cordova, Q.; Palma Grayeb, B. E., | Effect of ENSO on the mid-summer drought in Veracruz State, Mexico, | Atmosfera, v7 n4, pp 211-219, 1994. ] [ Perigaud, C.; Dewitte, B., | El Nino-La Nina events simulated with Cane and Zebiak`s model and observed with satellite or in situ data. I. Model data comparison, | Journal of Climate, vol.9, no.1, p. 66-84, 1996. ] [ Peterson, C.D.; Jackson, P.L.; O'Neil, D.J.; Rosenfeld, C.L.; Kimerling, A.J., | Littoral cell response to interannual climatic forcing 1983-7 on the central Oregon coast, USA, | Journal of Coastal Research, vol.6, no.1, p. 87-110, 1990. ] [ Peterson, Rg; White, Wb, | Slow Oceanic Teleconnections Linking The Antarctic Circumpolar Wave With The Tropical El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 103: (C11) 24573-24583 Oct 15 1998. ] [ Philander, G., | Learning from El Nino, | Weather, vol. 53, no. 9, p. 270, 1998. ] [ Philander, S.G.H., | El Nino and La Nina predictable climate fluctuations, | Reports On Progress In Physics, p. 123-142, 1999. ] [ Philander, S.G.H., | Anomalous El Nino of 1982-83, | Nature, v305 n5929, p 16, 1983. ] [ Philander, S.G.H., | El Nino Southern Oscillation phenomena (Ecuador, Peru), | Nature, vol.302, no.5906, p. 295-301, 1983. ] [ Philander, S.G.H., | El Nino and La Nina, | American Scientist, v77 n5, pp 451-459, 1989. ] [ Philander, S.G.H., | El Nino and La Nina, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.42, no.23, p. 2652-62, 1985. ] [ Philander, S.G.H., | El Nino and La Nina. A vast system of ocean-atmosphere exchanges covering the tropical Pacific, | American scientist, v 77 n 5 Page: 451, 1989. ] [ Philander, S.G.H., | Unusual conditions in the tropical Atlantic Ocean in 1984, | Nature, vol.322, no.6076, p. 236-8, 1986. ] [ Philander, S. George, | El Nino, | Oceanus, Volume 35, Number 2, p. 56-61, Summer 1992. ] [ Philander, S. George, | El Nino. | National forum, volume 79, number 2, pp. 11, Spring 1999. ] [ Philander, S.G.H.; Delecluse, P., | Coastal currents in low latitudes (with application to the Somali and El Nino currents), | Deep-Sea Research, Part A (Oceanographic Research Papers), vol.30, no.8A, p. 887-902, 1983. ] [ Philander, S.G.H.; Hurlin, W.J.; Pacanowski, R.C., | Initial conditions for a general circulation model of tropical oceans,| (A general circulation model of the tropical Pacific Ocean, which realistically stimulates El Nino of 1982-3, has been used to determine how different initial conditions affect the model) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.17, no.1, p. 147-57, 1987. ] [ Philander, S.G.H.; Lau, N.C.; Pacanowski, R.C., | Two different simulations of the Southern Oscillation and El Nino with coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models, | Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, v 329 n 1604 Page: 167, 1989. ] [ Philander, S.G.H.; Pacanowski, R.C.; Lau, N.C.; Nath, M.J., | Simulation of ENSO with a global atmospheric GCM coupled to a high-resolution, tropical Pacific Ocean GCM, | Journal of Climate, vol.5, no.4, p. 308-29, 1992. ] [ Philander, S.G.H.; Yamagata, T.; Pacanowski, R.C., | Unstable air-sea interactions in the tropics,| (During El Nino Southern Oscillation events modest anomalies amplify spatially and temporally until the entire tropical Pacific ocean and the global atmospheric circulation are affected) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.41, no.4, p. 604-13, 1984. ] [ Phillips J, Rajagopalan B, Cane M, et al. | The role of ENSO in determining climate and maize yield variability in the US cornbelt | Internationa Journal of Climatology, 19: (8) 877-888 JUN 30 1999. ] [ Picaut, J.; Delcroix, T., | Equatorial wave sequence associated with warm pool displacements during the 1986-1989 El Nino-La Nina, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.100, no.C9, p. 18393-408, 1995. ] [ Picaut, J.; Ioualalen, M.; Menkes, C.; Delcroix, T.; McPhaden, M.J., | Mechanism of the zonal displacements of the Pacific warm pool: implications for ENSO, | Science, vol.274, no.5292, p. 1486-9, 1996 . ] [ Piechota, T C; Dracup, J A, | Drought And Regional Hydrologic Variation In The United-States Associations With The El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Water Resources Research V. 32 No. 5 P. 1359-1373, 1996. ] [ Piechota, Tc; Chiew, Fhs; Dracup, Ja, Et Al., | Seasonal Streamflow Forecasting In Eastern Australia And The El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Water Resources Research, 34: (11) 3035-3044 Nov 1998. ] [ Pinker, R.T.; Laszlo, I., | Interannual variability of solar irradiance over the Amazon Basin including the 1982-83 El Nino year, | Journal of Climate, vol.5, no.11, p. 1305-15, 1992. ] [ Pisciottano, G.; Diaz, A.; Cazes, G.; Mechoso, C.R., | El Nino-Southern Oscillation impact on rainfall in Uruguay, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.8, p. 1286-302, 1994. ] [ Pisias, N. G.; Murray, D. W.; Roelofs, A. K., | Radiolarian and silicoflagellate response to oceanographic changes as sociated with the 1983 El Nino, | Nature, v320 n6059, pp 259-262, 1986. ] [ Podbury, T; Sheales, TC; Hussain, I; Fisher, BS, | Use of El Nino climate forecasts in Australia, | American Journal of Agricultural Economics, p. 1096-1101, 1998 ] [ Podesta, Guillermo P; Messina, Carlos D; Grondona, Martin O; Magrin, Graciela O., | Associations between Grain Crop Yields in Central- Eastern Argentina and El Nino -- Southern Oscillation, | Journal of applied meteorology, Volume 38, Number 10, pp. 1488, 1999. ] [ Polis, Gary A; Hurd, Stephen D; Jackson, C Todd; Sanchez Pinero, Francisco, | El Nino effects on the dynamics and control of an island ecosystem in the Gulf of California, | Ecology, Volume 78, Number 6, pp. 1884, 1997. ] [ Polonsky, A. B., | Comparative study of the Pacific ENSO event of 1991-92 and the Atlantic ENSO-like event of 1991, | Australian Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research, v45 n4, pp 705-725, 1994. ] [ Ponte, R.M., | The statistics of extremes, with application to El Nino, | Reviews of Geophysics, vol.24, no.2, p. 285-97, 1986. ] [ Ponte, R.M.; Rosen, R.D.; Boer, G.J., | Angular momentum and torques in a simulation of the atmosphere's response to the 1982-83 El Nino, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.4, p. 538-50, 1994. ] [ Portman, D.A.; Gutzler, D.S., | Explosive volcanic eruptions, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, and U.S. climate variability, | Journal of Climate, vol.9, no.1, p. 17-33, 1996. ] [ Power S, Casey T, Folland C, et al., | Inter-decadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on Australia, | Climate Dynamics 15: (5) 319-324 MAY 1999. ] [ Prabhakara, C.; Short, D.A.; Vollmer, B.E., | El Nino and atmospheric water vapor: observations from Nimbus 7 SMMR, | Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, vol.24, no.12, p. 1311-24, 1985. ] [ Prabhakara, C.; Short, D.A.; Wiscombe, W.; Fraser, R.S.; Vollmer, B.E., | Rainfall over oceans inferred from Nimbus 7 SMMR: application to 1982-3 El Nino, | Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, vol.25, no.10, p. 1464-74, 1986. ] [ Prasad, K D; Singh, S V, | Seasonal-Variations Of The Relationship Between Some Enso Parameters And Indian Rainfall, | International Journal Of Climatology V. 16 No. 8 P. 923-933, 1996. ] [ Price, C; Stone, L; Huppert, A, Et Al., | A Possible Link Between El Nino And Precipitation In Israel, | Geophysical Research Letters, 25: (21) 3963-3966 Nov 1 1998. ] [ Prospero, J.M.; Nees, R.T., | Impact of the North African drought and El Nino on mineral dust in the Barbados trade winds, | Nature, vol.320, no.6064, p. 735-8, 1986. ] [ Prospero, J.M.; Savoie, D.L.; Nees, R.T.; Duce, R.A.; Merrill, J., | Particulate sulfate and nitrate in the boundary layer over the north Pacific Ocean,| (the ENSO began in 1982 shortly after the end of the data record presented) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, no.D6, p. 10586-96, 1985. ] [ Pu Shuzhen,; Yu Huiling, | Threshold autoregression models for forecasting El Nino events, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v9 n1, pp 61-67, 1990. ] [ Pudov, Vd; Petrichenko, Sa, | Relation Between The Tropical Cyclone Evolution In The Northwestern Pasific And El Nino, | Okeanologiya, 38: (4) 496-501 Jul-Aug 1998. ] [ Qian Weihong ; Chou, J F, | Atmosphere Earth Angular-Momentum Exchange And Enso Cycle, | Science In China Series D-Earth Sciences V. 39 No. 2 96 Apr P. 215-224, 1996. ] [ Qian Weihong, | The understanding of ENSO cycle mechanism and ENSO potential prediction ability, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v11/1, 105-118, 1997. ] [ Qing Zhong, | An ENSO theory: theoretical analysis of a nonlinear atmosphere-ocean coupled characteristic system and its relation with ENSO events, | Annales Geophysicae. Atmospheres, Hydrospheres and Space Sciences, vol.8, no.12, p. 845-58, 1990. ] [ Quinn, W.H., | Monitoring and predicting El Nino invasions, | Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.13, no.7, p. 825-30, 1974. ] [ Quinn, W.H.; Neal, V.T., | Long-term variations in the Southern Oscillation, El Nino, and Chilean subtropical rainfall, | Fishery Bulletin, v81 n2, pp 363-374, 1983. ] [ Quinn, W.H.; Neal, V.T.; Antunez de Mayolo, S.E., | El Nino occurrences over the past four and a half centuries, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14449-61, 1987. ] [ Quinn, W.H.; Zopf, David O.; Short, Kent S.; Kuo Yang, Richard T. W, | Historical trends and statistics of the Southern Oscillation, El Nino, and Indonesian droughts ( Peru), | Fishery Bulletin, v76 n3, pp 663-678, 1981. ] [ Quiroz, R.S., | The climate of the 'El Nino' winter of 1982-3-a season of extraordinary climatic anomalies, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.111, no.8, p. 1685-706, 1983. ] [ Rajeevan, M., | Post monsoon tropical cyclone activity in the north Indian Ocean in relation to the El Nino/souther oscillation phenomenon, | Mausam, v 40 n 1 Page: 43, 1989. ] [ Rakoff, David, | El Nino Has a Headache., | Outside. Volume 22, Number 12, pp. 72, December 01, 1997. ] [ Ralph, W., | Drought and the El Nino phenomenon ( Australia, Pacific), | CSIRO Environmental Research, v38, pp 13-15, 1984. ] [ Ramage, C. S.; Hori, A. M., | Meteorological aspects of El Nino, | Monthly Weather Review, v109 n9, pp 1827-1835, 1981. ] [ Ramage, C.S., | Preliminary discussion of the meteorology of the 1972-73 El Nino, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.56, no.2, p. 234-42, 1975. ] [ Ramanathan, V.; Collins, W., | Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Nino, | Nature, vol.351, no.6321, p. 27-32. ] [ Ramos Duron, F.; Gallegos Garcia, A.; de la Lanza Espino, G., | Nutrient distributions in the shelf waters off Guerrero, Mexico during the 1982 -83 ENSO episode, | Revista Geofisica, v24, pp 157-172, 1986. ] [ Ramos, Rebekah A., | Looking Back at El Nino, | Technology & learning, Volume 19, Number 2, pp. 10, 1998. ] [ Raphael, M.N.; Cheung, I.K., | North Pacific midlatitude cyclone characteristics and their effect upon winter precipitation during selected El Nino/Southern Oscillation events (Paper 97GL03562), | Geophysical research letters, Volume 25, Number 4, pp. 527, 1998. ] [ Rasmusson, E.M., | El Nino - the great equatorial Pacific Ocean warming event of 1982-1983, | Weatherwise, v36 n4, pp 166-175, 1983. ] [ Rasmusson, E.M., | El Nino and variations in climate, | American Scientist, vol.73, no.2, p. 168-77, 1985. ] [ Rasmusson, E.M., | El Nino: the ocean/atmosphere connection, | Oceanus, v27 n2, pp 5-12, 1984. ] [ Rasmusson, E.M.; Carpenter, T.H., | The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka, (Monsoon season (June-September) precipitation data from 31 Indian subdivisions and mean monthly precipitation data from 35 Indian and Sri Lanka stations, spanning the period 1875-1979, were analyzed to determine the relationship between equatorial Pacific warm episodes (El Nino events) and interannual fluctuations in precipitation over India and Sri Lanka), | Monthly Weather Review, vol.111, no.3, p. 517-28, 1983. ] [ Rasmusson, E.M.; Carpenter, T.H., | Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Nino, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.110, no.5, p. 354-84, 1982. ] [ Rasmusson, E.M.; Mo, K., | Linkages between 200-mb tropical and extratropical circulation anomalies during the 1986-1989 ENSO cycle, | Journal of Climate, v6 n4, pp 595-616, 1993. ] [ Rasmusson, E.M.; Wallace, J.M., | Meteorological aspects of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Science, vol.222, no.4629, p. 1195-202, 1983. ] [ Rasmusson, E.M.; Xueliang Wang,; Ropelewski, C. F., | The biennial component of ENSO variability, | Journal of Marine Systems, v1 n1-2, pp 71-96, 1990. ] [ Rayner, PJ; Law, RM; Dargaville, R, | The relationship between tropical CO2 fluxes and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Geophysical Research Letters, p. 493-496, 1999 ] [ Reason, C. J. C., | On the effect of ENSO precipitation anomalies in a global ocean GCM, | Climate Dynamics, v8 n1, pp 39-47. ] [ Reed, R.K., | Effects of surface heat flux during the 1972 and 1982 El Nino episodes, | Nature, vol.322, no.6078, p. 449-50, 1986. ] [ Reed, R.K., | Oceanographic observations off the Pacific Northwest following the 1982 El Nino event, | Marine Fisheries Review, v46 n1, pp 7-12, 1984. ] [ Reid, F.M.H.; Stewart, E., | Nearshore microplanktonic assemblages off southern California in February 1983 during the El Nino event, | Continental shelf research. v 9 n 1 Page: 37, 1989 . ] [ Reiter, E.R., | The interannual variability of the ocean-atmosphere system,| (The trade wind surges also are related to El Nino through a feedback involving the hydrological cycle and upwelling of cold water forced by Ekman pumping) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.35, no.3, p. 349-70, 1978. ] [ Ren Zhenqiu; Zhang Suqin, | Decrease of Earth rotation and El Nino events, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.44, no.4, p. 411-16, 1986. ] [ Ren Zhenqiu; Zhang Suqin, | Earth rotation and El Nino events, | Kexue Tongbao (Foreign Language Edition), vol.30, no.5, p. 644-9, 1985. ] [ Renwick, JA, | ENSO-related variability in the frequency of South Pacific blocking, | Monthly Weather Review, p. 3117-3123, 1998 ] [ Renwick, J A; Wallace, J M, | Relationships Between North Pacific Wintertime Blocking, El Nino, And The Pna Pattern, | Monthly Weather Review V. 124 No. 9 P. 2071-2076, 1996. ] [ Reyes, S.; Mejia-Trejo, A., | Tropical perturbations in the eastern Pacific and the precipitation field over north-western Mexico in relation of the ENSO phenomenon, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.11, no.5, p. 515-28, 1991. ] [ Ribic, C. A.; Ainley, D. G.; Spear, L. B., | Effects of El Nino and La Nina on seabird assemblages in the equatorial Pacific, | Marine Ecology Progress Series, v80 n2-3, pp 109-124, 1992. ] [ Richez, C.; Philander, G.; Crepon, M., | Oceanic response to coastal winds with shear,| (downwelling eventually reaches a constant value which extends westward at the speed of long baroclinic Rossby waves and occupies a large surface of the ocean, this phenomenon could trigger the El Nino) : Oceanologica Acta, vol.7, no.4, p. 409-16, 1984. ] [ Richmond, R. H., | The effects of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation on the dispersal of corals and other marine organisms, | Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 127-140 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Ridgway, K.R. ; Godfrey, J.S.; Meyers, G.; Bailey, R., | Sea level response to the 1986-1987 El Nino-Southern Oscillation event in the western Pacific in the vicinity of Papua New Guinea, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.98, no.C9, p. 16387-95, 1993. ] [ Rienecker, M.M.; Mooers, C.N.K., | The 1982-3 El Nino signal off northern California, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.91, no.C5, p. 6597-608, 1986. ] [ Ripepe, M.; Roberts, L. T.; Fischer, A. G., | ENSO and sunspot cycles in varved Eocene oil shales from image analysis, | Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v61 n7, pp 1155-1163, 1991. ] [ Robinson, G. R., | Negative effects of the 1982-83 El Nino on Galapagos marine life, | Oceanus, v30 n2, pp 42-48, 1987. ] [ Robock, A., | Detection of volcanic, CO/sub 2/, and ENSO signals in surface air temperature, | Advances in Space Research, vol.5, no.6, p. 53-6, 1985. ] [ Robock, A.; Taylor, K.E.; Stenchikov, G.L.; Yuhe Liu, | GCM evaluation of a mechanism for El Nino triggering by the El Chichon ash cloud, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.22, no.17, p. 2369-72, 1995. ] [ Rodbell, D.T. | An similar to 15,000-year record of El Nino-driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador (vol 283, pg 516, 1999), | Science 283: (5410) 2107-2107 MAR 26 1999. ] [ Rodbell, DT; Seltzer, GO; Anderson, DM; Abbott, MB; Enfield, DB; Newman, JH, | An similar to 15,000-year record of El Nino-driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador, | Science, p. 516-520, 1999 ] [ Roeckner, E; Oberhuber, J M; Bacher, A; Christoph, M; Kirchner, I, | Enso Variability And Atmospheric Response In A Global Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Gcm, | Climate Dynamics V. 12 No. 11 P. 737-754, 1996. ] [ Roemer, J, | El Nino and the Grain Belt, | Cycles, v 42 n 4 Page: 196, 1991. ] [ Rollins, H. B.; Sandweiss, D. H.; Rollins, J. C., | Effect of the 1982-1983 El Nino on bivalve mollusks, | National Geographic Research, v2 n1, pp 106-112, 1986. ] [ Rong-Hua Zhang; Endoh, M., | Simulation of the 1986-1987 El Nino and 1988 La Nina events with a free surface tropical Pacific Ocean general circulation model, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.99, no.C4, p. 7743-59, 1994. ] [ Ronghui, Huang; Yifang, Wu, | The Influence of ENSO on the Summer Climate Change in China and Its Mechanism, | Advances in atmospheric sciences, v 6 n 1 Page: 21, 1989. ] [ Ropelewski, C.F.; Halpert, M.S., | Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.8, p. 1606-26, 1987. ] [ Ropelewski, C.F.; Halpert, M.S., | North American precipitation and temperature patterns associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), | Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.12, p. 2352-62, 1986. ] [ Rosen, R.D.; Salstein, D.A.; Eubanks, T.M.; Dickey, J.O.; Steppe, J.A., | An El Nino signal in atmospheric angular momentum and Earth rotation, | Science, vol.225, no.4660, p. 411-14, 1984] [ Roswintiarti, Orbita; Niyogi, Devdutta S.; Raman, Sethu, | Climate and Land Surface - Teleconnections between tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies and North Carolina precipitation anomalies during El Nino events (Paper 1998GL900121), | Geophysical research letters. volume 25, number 22, pp. 4201, 1998. ] [ Rothstein, L M, | The El Nino Southern Oscillation Phenomenon Seeking Its Trigger And Working Toward Prediction, | Oceanus V. 39 No. 2 Fal-Win P. 39-41, 1996. ] [ Ruzmaikin, A., | Climate and Ocean Studies - Can El Nino amplify the solar forcing of climate? (Paper 1999GL900535), | Geophysical research letters, volume 26, number 15, pp. 2255, 1999. ] [ Sahley, C T, | Bat And Hummingbird Pollination Of An Autotetraploid Columnar Cactus, Weberbauerocereus-Weberbaueri,| (Reduced Bat Pollination In 1993 Is Attributed To The Reduced Abundance Of Bats At The Study Site During A Drought Caused By El Nino) : American Journal Of Botany V. 83 No. 10 96 Oct P. 1329-1336, 1996. ] [ Salstein, D. A.; Rosen, R. D., | El Nino and the Earth's rotation, | Oceanus, v27 n2, pp 52-57, 1984. ] [ Sandweiss, D.H.; Richardson, J.B., III; Reitz, E.J.; Rollins, H.B.; Maasch, K.A., | Geoarchaeological evidence from Peru for a 5000 years B.P. onset of El Nino, | Science, vol.273, no.5281, p. 1531-3, 1996 . ] [ Santamaria-del-Angel, E.; Alvarez-Borrego, S.; Muller-Karger, F.E., | The 1982-1984 El Nino in the Gulf of California as seen in coastal zone color scanner imagery, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.99, no.C4, p. 7423-31, 1994. ] [ Sarachik, E. S., | Predictability of ENSO, | Monograph: Climate-Ocean Interaction. Proc. Workshop, Oxford, 1988, pp 161-171 / Editor: Schlesinger, M.E., 1990. ] [ Sardeshmukh, P.D.; Hoskins, B., | Vorticity balances in the tropics during the 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation event, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.111, no.468, p. 261-78, 1985. ] [ Saseendran, S A; Rathore, L S; Datta, R K, | Distribution Of Monsoon Rainfall In India During El Nino Associated Drought Situations, | Annals Of Arid Zone V. 35 No. 1 P. 9-16, 1996. ] [ Sasi, M.N., | A relationship between equatorial lower stratospheric QBO and El Nino, | Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, vol.56, no.12, p. 1563-70, 1994. ] [ Satori G, Zieger B, | El Nino related meridional oscillation of global lightning activity, | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (10) 1365-1368 MAY 15 1999. ] [ Schatten, K.H.; Mayr, H.G.; Harris, I.; Taylor, H.A., Jr., | A zonally symmetric model for volcanic influence upon atmospheric circulation,| (The authors suggest that this momentum source may have played a role as a trigger for inducing the 1982-3 anomalous El Nino and possibly other climate changes) : Geophysical Research Letters, vol.11, no.4, p. 303-6, 1984. ] [ Scherm, H.; Yang, X.B., | Interannual Variations in Wheat Rust Development in China and the United States in Relation to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Phytopathology, Volume 85, Number 9, pp. 970, 1995. ] [ Schlatter, Thomas.; Dawson, Patrick., | What causes an El Nino?., | Weatherwise, v. 51 no4, p. 41-2., 1998. ] [ Schneider EK, Huang BH, Zhu ZX, et al. | Ocean data assimilation, initialization, and predictions of ENSO with a coupled GCM | Monthly Weather Review 127: (6) 1187-1207 Part 2 JUN 1999. ] [ Schneider, Edwin K.; Huang, Bohua; Shukla, J., | Ocean Wave Dynamics and El Nino, | Journal of Climate, Volume 8, Number 10, pp. 2415, 1995. ] [ Schneider, Niklas; Barnett, Tim P., | The Competition of Freshwater and Radiation in Forcing the Ocean during El Nino, | Journal of Climate, Volume 8, Number 5, Part 1, pp. 980, 1995. ] [ Schneider, U.; Fleer, H. E., | Development of sea surface temperature, surface wind and divergence anomalies during a composite ENSO episode, | Theoretical & Applied Climatology, v39 n3, pp 146-159, 1989. ] [ Schoener, A., | El Nino norte, | Northwest Environmental Journal, v1 n2, pp 19-33, 1985. ] [ Schonher, T.; Nicholson, S.E., | The Relationship between California Rainfall and ENSO Events, | Journal of climate, v 2 n 11 Page: 1258, 1989. ] [ Schonwiese, C.-D.; Birrong, W., | European precipitation trend statistics 1851-1980 including multivariate assessments of the anthropogenic CO/sub 2/ signal,| (A multivariate regression model including volcanic and solar forcing, ENSO is used) : Zeitschrift fur Meteorologie, vol.40, no.2, p. 92-8, 1990. ] [ Schoonmaker, David S. :, | El Nino and Unemployment,| (This article describes the investigations of Michael S. Wilson) : American Scientist, Volume 85, No. 4, p. 312 - 319,1998. ] [ Schopf, P.S., | On equatorial waves and El Nino. II. Effects of air-sea thermal coupling, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, no.10, p. 1878-93, 1983. ] [ Schopf, P.S.; Harrison, D.E., | On equatorial waves and El Nino. I. Influence of initial states on wave-induced currents and warning, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, no.6, p. 936-48, 1983. ] [ Schopf, Paul S.; Loughe, Andrew, | A Reduced-Gravity Isopyenal Ocean Model: Hindcasts of El Nino, | Monthly Weather Review, Volume 123, Number 9, pp. 2839, 1995. ] [ Schopf, P.S.; Suarez, M.J., | Ocean wave dynamics and the time scale of ENSO, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.20, no.5, p. 629-45, 1990. ] [ Schrage JM, Vincent DG, Fink AH | Modulation of intraseasonal (25-70 day) processes by the superimposed ENSO cycle across the Pacific basin | Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 70: (1-2) 15-27 1999 [ Schreiber, R. W.; Schreiber, E. A., | Central Pacific seabirds and the El Nino Southern Oscillation: 1982 to 1983 perspectives, | Science, v225 n4663, pp 713-716, 1984. ] [ Schroeter, S.C.; Dean, T.A.; Thies, K.; Dixon, J.D., | Effects of shading by adults on the growth of blade-stage Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) during and after the 1982-1984 El Nino, | Journal of Phycology, Volume 31, Number 5, pp. 697, 1995. ] [ Schut, Jan H, | Hedging El Nino - Risk managers are seeking ways to predict El Nino destruction. But beware: Weather is wayward, | The Institutional investor, Volume 32, Number 1, pp. 33, 1998. ] [ Sehgal, R., | Dengue fever and El Nino, | The Lancet, Number 9053, p. 729, 1997. ] [ Self, S.; Rampino, M.R.; Zhao, J.; Katz, M.G., | Volcanic aerosol perturbations and strong El Nino events: No general correlation (Paper 97GL01127), | Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 24, Number 10, pp. 1247, 1997. ] [ Shabbar, A.; Higuchi, K.; Knox, J.L., | Regional analysis of Northern Hemisphere 50 kPa geopotential heights from 1946 to 1985,| (results are discussed in relation to the interregime sea surface temperature change over the North interregime sea surface temperature change over the North Pacific Ocean and to the increase in frequency and amplitude of ENSO events during Regime 2) : Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.5, p. 543-57, 1990. ] [ Shabbar, A; Khandekar, M, | The Impact Of El Nino-Southern Oscillation On The Temperature-Field Over Canada, | Atmosphere-Ocean V. 34 No. 2 P. 401-416, 1996. ] [ Shane, Simon, | 'El Nino' Effects On World Agriculture, | Poultry international, Volume 37, Number 1, pp. 36, 1998. ] [ Shang, E.C.; Wang, Y.Y., | Ocean acoustic field simulations for monitoring large-scale ocean structures,| (the possibility of monitoring El Nino by using MOAT has been illustrated) : Computer Physics Communications, vol.65, no.1-3, p. 238-45, 1991. ] [ Shang, E.C.; Wang, Y.Y., | On the possibility of monitoring El Nino by using modal ocean acoustic tomography, | Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.91, no.1, p. 136-40, 1992. ] [ Shang, E.C.; Wang, Y.Y., | Tomographic inversion of the El Nino profile by using a matched-mode processing (MMP) method, | IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol.19, no.2, p. 208-13, 1994. ] [ Shapcott, T, | 'Sestina At The Time Of El Nino', | Overland, 152: 28-28 Spr 1998. ] [ Shapiro, L.J., | Month-to-month variability of the Atlantic tropical circulation and its relationship to tropical storm formation,| (The dominant mode of variability for the combined 200 mb/ATOLL circulation is strongly correlated with an El Nino index) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.11, p. 2598-614, 1987. ] [ Sharp, G. D., | Fishery catch records, El Nino / Southern Oscillation, and longer - term climate change as inferred from fish remains in marine sediments, | Monograph: El Nino: Historical And Paleoclimatic Aspects Of The Southern Oscillation, Pp 379-417 / Editor: Diaz, H.F.; Markgraf, V., 1993. ] [ Shaw, H. R.; Moore, J. G., | Magmatic heat and the El Nino cycle, | Eos, v69 n45, pp 1553, 1564-1565, 1988. ] [ Shaw JA, Bates JJ, Zorn HM, et al. | Observations of downwelling infrared spectral radiance at Mauna Loa, Hawaii during the 1997-1998 ENSO event, | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (12) 1727-1730 JUN 15 1999. ] [ Shen, G.T.; Boyle, E.A.; Lea, D.W., | Cadmium in corals as a tracer of historical upwelling and industrial fallout,| (variations appear to have occurred in response to two separate phenomena: one is the variable upwelling at Galapagos (El Nino-Southern Oscillation events) : Nature, vol.328, no.6133, p. 794-6, 1987. ] [ Shen, X.S.; Kimoto, M., | Influence of El Nino on the 1997 Indian Summer Monsoon, | Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, Vol 77, Iss 5, pp 1023-1037, 1999. ] [ Sheres, D.; Kenyon, K.E., | An eddy, coastal jets and incoming swell all interacting near Pt. Conception, California,| (reports for a two-month period during the early spring of 1983 at the time of the El Nino) : International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.11, no.1, p. 5-25, 1990. ] [ Shih, G.-F.; Vonder Haar, T.H.; Campbell, G.G., | Cloudiness over the Eastern Equatorial Pacific for summer 1983 from geostationary satellite data,| (To investigate the characteristics of this late transition phase of the 1982-3 El Nino, the GOES-West satellite data of July and August of 1983 are analyzed) : Advances in Space Research, vol.5, no.6, p. 197-201, 1985. ] [ Shiotani, M., | Annual, quasi-biennial, and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) time-scale variations in equatorial total ozone, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.97, no.D7, p. 7625-33, 1992. ] [ Simmonds, I.; Smith, I.N., | The effect of the prescription of zonally-uniform sea surface temperatures in a general circulation model,| (The observation that the SST 'anomaly' distribution used is similar in some respects to that observed during an El Nino (particularly the 1982-1983 event) led the authors to compare the model response to anomalies observed during that time) : Journal of Climatology, vol.6, no.6, p. 641-59, 1986. ] [ Simpson, H.J.; Cane, M.A.; Lin, S.K.; Zebiak, S.E.; Herczeg, A.L., | Forecasting annual discharge of River Murray, Australia, from a geophysical model of ENSO, | Journal of Climate, vol.6, no.2, p. 386-90, 1993. ] [ Simpson, J.J., | A simple model of the 1982-83 Californian 'El Nino', | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.11, no.3, p. 237-40, 1984. ] [ Simpson, J.J., | El Nino-induced onshore transport in the California Current during 1982-3, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.11, no.3, p. 233-6, 1984. ] [ Simpson, J.J., | Large-scale thermal anomalies in the California Current during the 1982-3 El Nino, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.10, no.10, p. 937-40, 1983. ] [ Sinclair, M.; Tremblay, M. J.; Bernal, P., | El Nino events and variability in a Pacific mackerel ( Scomber japonicus) survival index: support for Hjort's second hypothesis, | Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, v42 n3, pp 602-608, 1984. ] [ Singh, S.M., | Vegetation dynamics, CO/sub 2/ cycle and El Nino phenomenon, | International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.13, no.11, p. 2069-77, 1992. ] [ Sirven, J.; Frankignoul, C.; Fevrier, S.; Sennechael, N.; Bonjean, F., | Two-layer model simulations using observation and model- based wind stresses of the 1985-1992 thermocline depth anomalies in the tropical Pacific, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.103, no.C10, p. 21367-83 . ] [ Sitnov, Sa, | Annual Cycle, Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, And El Nino Effects In Atmospheric Ozone: Analysis Of The Vertical Structure And Manifestations In Total Ozone As Inferred From The Data Measured At The Goose Bay Station (53 Degrees N, 60 Degrees W), | Izv Akad Nauk Fiz Atmos Okean, 34: (4) 581-590 Jul-Aug 1998. ] [ Slingo, J., | The 1997/98 El Nino, | Weather, vol. 53, no. 9, p. 274, 1998. ] [ Slingo, J.M., Rowell, D.P., Sperber, K.R., et al. | On the predictability of the interannual behaviour of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and its relationship with El Nino, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meterological Society 125: (554) 583-609 Part B JAN 1999. ] [ Slough, Andrew, | In the Eye of El Nino., | Ski. Volume 63, Number 1, pp. 184, September 01, 1998. ] [ Smedstad, O.M.; O'Brien, J.J., | Variational data assimilation and parameter estimation in an equatorial Pacific Ocean model, | Progress in Oceanography, vol.26, no.2, p. 179-241, 1991. ] [ Smith, N, | El Nino Capitalism, | Prog Hum Geogr, 22: (2) 159-163 Jun 1998. ] [ Smith, N. G., | The Gulf of Panama and El Nino events: the fate of two refugee boobies from the 1982-83 event, | Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 381-393 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Smith, Np, | Has El Nino Let Us Down?, | Ieee Comput Sci Eng, 5: (1) 88-+ Jan-Mar 1998. ] [ Smith, R.L., | Peru coastal currents during El Nino: 1976 and 1982, | Science, vol.221, no.4618, p. 1397-9, 1983. ] [ Smith, SR; Green, PM; Leonardi, AP; O'Brien, JJ, | Role of multiple-level tropospheric circulations in forcing ENSO winter precipitation anomalies, | Monthly Weather Review, p. 3102-3116, 1998 ] [ Solow, Andrew R., | Testing for Change in the Frequency of El Nino Events, | Journal of Climate, Volume 8, Number 10, pp. 2563, 1995. ] [ Solow, Andrew R., | An Exploratory Analysis of a Record of El Nino Events, 1800-1987, | Journal of the American Statistical Association, Volume 90, Number 429, p. 72, March 1995. ] [ Song Yang, | ENSO-snow-monsoon associations and seasonal-interannual predictions, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.16, no.2, p. 125-34, 1996 . ] [ Song Yang; Webster, P.J., | The effect of summer tropical heating on the location and intensity of the extratropical westerly jet streams,| (interannual changes in the location and magnitude of the westerly jet streams are closely related to the El Nino) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.D11, p. 18705-21, 1990. ] [ Song, Jx; Wang, Zg, | A New Advance In El Nino Prediction - The Next El Nino Will Occur In 1997-1998, | Chin Sci Bull, 43: (6) 504-505 Mar 1998. ] [ Sonechkin DM, Wu HB, | Multiscale interrelations between air temperature in southeast China and El Nino: Wavelet analysis, | IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK FIZIKA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA OK+ 35: (2) 250-258 MAR-APR 1999. ] [ Soreide, N.; McPhaden, M., | El Nino watching on World Wide Web, | Sea Frontiers v. 41, p. 26-9, 1995. ] [ Spennemann, Dirk H.R.; Marschner, Ian C., | The Association between El Nino/Southern Oscillation Events and Typhoons in the Marshall Islands, | Disasters, Volume 19, Number 3, pp. 194, 1995. ] [ Springer, S.R.; McPhaden, M.J.; Busalacchi, A.J., | Oceanic heat content variability in the tropical Pacific during the 1982-3 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.C12, p. 22089-101, 1990. ] [ Spurgeon, D., | The' Christ Child' and better climate prediction ( El Nino), | Unesco Features, v806, pp 1-6, 1984. ] [ Squire, J. L., | Relation of sea surface temperature changes during the 1983 El Nino to the geographical distribution of some important recreational pelagic species and their catch temperature parameters, | Marine Fisheries Review, v49 n2, pp 44-57, 1987. ] [ Stahle, D.W.; Cleaveland, M.K.; Cerveny, R.S., | Tree-ring reconstructed sunshine duration over central USA,| (Analysis of the reconstruction indicates that strong El Nino events are often associated with cloudy growing season conditions over the central USA) : International Journal of Climatology, vol.11, no.3, p. 285-95, 1991. ] [ Stapp, P.; Polis, G.A.; Pinero, F.S., | Stable isotopes reveal strong marine and El Nino effects on Island food webs, | Nature. Volume 401, Number 6752, pp. 467, 1999. ] [ Steiner, E.J., | The relationship of low-level winds and moisture to convection in the tropical Pacific,| (Linear regression demonstrates that about 30%-40% of the variance in convection across the Pacific during the 1982-83 El Nino can be explained by low-level precipitable water plus the low-level winds) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.3, p. 744-9, 1987. ] [ Steiner, E.J.; Singh Khalsa, S.J., | Sea Surface temperature, low-level moisture, and convection in the tropical Pacific, 1982-5,| (Variability of all three parameters in the eastern Pacific was dominated by the 1982-3 ENSO) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14217-24, 1987. ] [ Stephenson, D.B.; Royer, J.-F., | Low-frequency variability of total ozone mapping spectrometer and general circulation model total ozone stationary waves associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation for the period 1979-1988, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.100, no.D4, p. 7337-46, 1995. ] [ Stewart, B. S.; Yochem, P. K., | Northern Elephant Seals on the Southern California Channel Islands and El Nino, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis, Volume 88, pp 234-246, 1991. ] [ Stockdale, T. N.; Anderson, D. L. T.; Alves, J. O. S.; Balmaseda, M. A. : | Global seasonal rainfall forecasts using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model : | Nature (London), 392, pp. 370-373, 1998. ] [ Stockdale, T.N.; Busalacchi, A.J.; Harrison, D.E.; Seager, R., | Ocean modeling for ENSO, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.103, no.C7, p. 14325-55 . ] [ Stoens, A, et al., | The coupled physical-new production system in the equatorial Pacific during the 1992-1995 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, p. 3323-3339, 1999 ] [ Stolz, W; Sanchez, M, | Co-ta Rica: El Nino, the press and public weather services, | WMO bulletin. Volume 47, Number 3, pp. 256, 1998. ] [ Stone, R. C.; Hammer, Graeme L.; Marcussen, Torben : | Prediction of global rainfall probabilities using phases of the Southern Oscillation Index : | Nature (London), 384, pp. 252-255, 1996. ] [ Stone, Lewi; Saparin, Peter I; Huppert, Amit; Price, Colin, | El Nino chaos: The role of noise and stochastic resonance on the ENSO cycle (Paper 97GL53639), | Geophysical research letters, Volume 25, Number 2, pp. 175, 1998. ] [ Strong, A. E., | Monitoring El Nino using satellite based sea surface temperatures, | Ocean-Air Interactions, v1 n1, pp 11-28, 1986. ] [ Strub, P.T.; James, C.; Thomas, A.C.; Abbott, M.R., | Seasonal and nonseasonal variability of satellite-derived surface pigment concentration in the California Current,| (Correlations between anomalous pigment concentrations and anomalous sea level heights are discussed) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, no.C7, p. 11501-30, 1990. ] [ Strub, P.T.; Powell, T.; Goldman, C.R., | Climatic forcing: effects of El Nino on a small, temperature lake, | Science, vol.227, no.4682, p. 55-7, 1985. ] [ Sud, Y.C.; Walker, G.K.; Smith, W.E., | Analysis of a general circulation model simulation of the atmospheric response to the observed sea surface temperature anomalies of January and February 1983,| (three sets of simulations is produced with the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres GCM to assess the effect of the 1982-83 El Nino on winter climate) : Journal of Climate, vol.4, no.1, p. 107-15, 1991. ] [ Sun, D.-Z.; Trenberth, KE, | Coordinated Heat Removal From The Equatorial Pacific During The 1986-87 El Nino, | Geophysical Research Letters, 25: (14) 2659-2662 Jul 15 1998. ] [ Sun, D.-Z., | El Nino: a coupled response to radiative heating?, | Oceanographic Literature Review; v45, n3, p464 1998. ] [ Sun, H; Furbish, D.J., | Annual precipitation and river discharges in Florida in response to El Nino- and La Nina-sea surface temperature anomalies, | Journal of Hydrology, Volume 199, Number 1-2, pp. 74, 1997. ] [ Suplee, Curt, | El Nino/La Nina - Improved warning systems have reduced the destruction, but the periodic warming and cooling of Pacific waters continue to blast the globe with deadly storms, | National geographic, volume 195, number 3, pp. 72, 1999. ] [ Suppiah, R., | ENSO phenomenon and 30-50 day variability in the Australian summer monsoon rainfall, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.13, no.8, p. 837-51, 1993. ] [ Syu, H.H.; Neelin, J.D., | ENSO in a hybrid coupled model. Part I: sensitivity to physical parametrizations , | Climate Dynamics, Vol 16, Iss 1, pp 19-34, 2000. ] [ Syu, H.H.; Neelin, J.D., | ENSO in a hybrid coupled model. Part II: prediction with piggyback data assimilation , | Climate Dynamics, Vol 16, Iss 1, pp 35-48, 2000. ] [ Swales, S.; Storey, A.W.; Roderick, I.D.; Figa, B.S. | Full papers - Fishes of floodplain habitats of the Fly River system, Papua New Guinea, and changes associated with El Nino droughts and algal blooms, | Environmental biology of fishes, volume 54, number 4, pp. 389, 1999. ] [ Tai, K. C., | Establishing qualitative hypotheses on the influence of El Nino on Metropolitan Adelaide water supply ( Australia), | Water International, v12 n1, pp 8-14, 1987. ] [ Takayabu, Y.N.; Iguchi, T.; Kachi, M.; Shibata, A.; Kanzawa, H., | Abrupt termination of the 1997-98 El Nino in response to a Madden-Julian oscillation, | Nature, Vol 402, Iss 6759, pp 279-282, 1999. ] [ Tang, T. Y.; Weisberg, R. H., | On the equatorial Pacific response to the 1982/83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation event, | Journal of Marine Research, v42 n4, pp 809-829,1984. ] [ Tapley, T. D.; Waylen, Peter R., | Spatial variability of annual precipitation and ENSO events in western Peru, | Hydrological sciences journal, v 35 n 4 Page: 429, 1990. ] [ Tarazona, J.; Arntz, W E, | Impact Of 2 El Nino Events Of Different Intensity On The Hypoxic Soft-Bottom Macrobenthos Off The Central Peruvian Coast, | Marine Ecology-Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica Di Napoli I V. 17 No. 1-3 P. 425-446, 1996. ] [ Tarazona, J.; Salzwedel, H.; Arntz, W., | Oscillations of macrobenthos in shallow waters of the Peruvian central coast induced by El Nino 1982 -83, | Journal of Marine Research, v46 n3, pp 593-611, 1988. ] [ Taylor, Arnold; Jordan, Michael B.; Stephens, John A. : | Gulf Stream shifts following ENSO events : | Nature (London), 393, pp. 638, 1998. ] [ Taylor, H.A., Jr.; Kramer, L., | Observed mid-to-high latitude interchange of atmospheric angular momentum and some implications, | Earth, Moon, and Planets, vol.49, no.3, p. 221-38, 1990. ] [ Taylor, JE, | El Nino and vanishing salmon: Culture, Nature, history, and the politics of blame, | Western Historical Quarterly, p. 437-457, 1998 ] [ Tegner, M.J.; Dayton, P. K., | El Nino Effects On Southern California Kelp Forest Communities, | Monograph: Advances In Ecological Research. Vol. 17, Pp 243-279 / Editor: Macfadyen, A.; Ford, E.D., 1987. ] [ Teng Xinglin,; Fu Congbin, | A diagnostic analysis of winter atmospheric circulation during the 1982-1983 ENSO event, | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, v7 n1, pp 57-66, 1990. ] [ Thompson, A.M.; Hudson, R.D., | Tropical tropospheric ozone (TTO) maps from Nimbus 7 and Earth Probe TOMS by the modified-residual method: Evaluation with sondes, ENSO signals, and trends from Atlantic regional time series, | Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Vol 104, Iss D21, pp 26961-26975, 1999. ] [ Thompson, L. M., | Relationship of the El Nino Cycle to Droughts in the U.S. Corn Belt, | Cycles, v 41 n 1 Page: 14, 1990. ] [ Thompson, L.G.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Arnao, B.M., | El Nino-Southern Oscillation events recorded in the stratigraphy of the tropical Quelccaya ice cap, Peru, | Science, vol.226, no.4670, p. 50-2, 1984. ] [ Thunell, R; Tappa, E; Pride, C; Kincaid, E., | Sea-surface temperature anomalies associated with the 1997-1998 El Nino recorded in the oxygen Isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera, | Geology. Volume 27, Number 9, pp. 843, 1999. ] [ Tibbetts, J, | Farming And Fishing In The Wake Of El Nino, | Bioscience V. 46 No. 8 P. 566-569, 1996. ] [ Timmermann, A., Oberhuber, J., Bacher, A., et al. | Increased El Nino frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming, | Nature 398: (6729) 694-697 APR 22 1999. ] [ Toggweiler, J.R.; Trumbore, S., | Bomb-test /sup 90/Sr in Pacific and Indian Ocean surface water as recorded by banded corals,| (Activity levels at Fanning Island appear to vary in conjunction with the 3-4 year El Nino cycle) : Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.74, no.4, p. 306-14, 1985. ] [ Tomita, T; Yasunari, T, | Role Of The Northeast Winter Monsoon On The Biennial Oscillation Of The Enso/Monsoon System, | Journal Of The Meteorological Society Of Japan V. 74 No. 4 P. 399-413, 1996. ] [ Toole, J.M., | Near equatorial CTD observations at 85 degrees W in October 1982, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, no.C1, p. 929-33, 1985. ] [ Toole, J.M.; Borges, M.D., | Observations of horizontal velocities and vertical displacements in the equatorial Pacific Ocean associated with early stages of 1982/83 El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.14, no.5, p. 948-59, 1984. ] [ Torrence, C.; Webster, P.J., | The annual cycle of persistence in the El Nino/Southern oscillation, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.124, no.550, p. 1985-2004 . ] [ Torres-Moye, G.; Alvarez-Borrego, S., | Effects of the 1984 El Nino on the summer phytoplankton of a Baja California upwelling zone, | Journal of Geophysical Research, v92 C13, pp 14,383-14,386, 1987. ] [ Tourre, Y.M.; White, W.B., | ENSO signals in global upper-ocean temperature, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.25, no.6, pt.1, p. 1317-32, 1995. ] [ Trenberth, K.E., | Recent observed interdecadal climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere,| (North Pacific changes appear to be linked through teleconnections to tropical atmosphere-ocean interactions and the frequency of El Nino) : Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.71, no.7, p. 988-93, 1990. ] [ Trenberth, K.E.; Hoar, T.J., | The 1990-1995 El Nino-Southern Oscillation event: longest on record, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, no.1, p. 57-60, 1996. ] [ Trenberth, Ke, | The Definition Of El Nino, | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78: (12) 2771-2777 Dec 1997 . ] [ Trenberth, K.E., | El Nino and climate change, | Oceanographic Literature Review; v45, n4, p619-620, 1998. ] [ Trenberth, Kevin E; Hoar, Timothy J, | El Nino and climate change (Paper 97GL03092), | Geophysical research letters, Volume 24, Number 23, pp. 3057, 1997. ] [ Trillmich, F., | El Nino in the Galapagos Islands: a natural experiment, | Monograph: Ecosystem Experiments, Pp 3-21 / Editor: Mooney, H.A.; et al, 1991. ] [ Trillmich, F.; Dellinger, T., | The Effects of El Nino on Galapagos Pinnipeds, | Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis., Volume 88, pp 66-74, 1991. ] [ Trillmich, F.; Limberger, D., | Drastic efforts of El Nino on Galapagos pinnipeds, | Oecologia, v67 n1, pp 19-22, 1985. ] [ Troutner, Joanne, | Ocean expeditions: El Nino. (review), | Emergency Librarian, v. 25 no5, p. 43., 1998. ] [ Tsai, Cf; Chen, Py; Chen, Cp, Et Al., | Fluctuation In Abundance Of Larval Anchovy And Environmental Conditions In Coastal Waters Off South-Western Taiwan As Associated With The El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Fisheries Oceanography, 6: (4) 238-249 Dec 1997 . ] [ Tsuyoshi Nitta,; Takanori Mizuno,; Kiyotoshi Takahashi, | Multi-scale convective systems during the initial phase of the 1986/87 El Nino, | Journal Meteorological Society of Japan, v70 n1B, pp 447-466, 1992. ] [ Turkes, N., | El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event: the great anomaly of ocean/atmosphere, | Jeomorfoloji Dergisi, v16, pp 61-65, 1988. ] [ Tziperman, E.; Cane, M. A.; Zebiak, S. E., | Irregularity and locking to the seasonal cycle in an ENSO prediction model as explained by the quasi-periodicity route to chaos, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences v. 52, p. 293-306, 1995. ] [ Tziperman, E.; Stone, L.; Cane, M.A.; Jarosh, H., | El Nino chaos: overlapping of resonances between the seasonal cycle and the Pacific ocean-atmosphere oscillator, | Science, vol.264, no.5155, p. 72-4, 1994. ] [ Tziperman, E; Cane, Ma; Zebiak, Se, Et Al., | Locking Of El Nino'S Peak Time To The End Of The Calendar Year In The Delayed Oscillator Picture Of ENSO, | Journal of Climate, 11: (9) 2191-2199 Sep 1998. ] [ Tziperman, Eli; Scher, Harvey; Zebiak, Stephen E; Cane, Mark A., | Controlling Spatiotemporal Chaos in a Realistic El Nino Prediction Model, | Physical Review Letters, Volume 79, Number 6, pp. 1034, 1997. ] [ Ulbrich, U.; Graf, H.F.; Kirchner, I., | The impact of El Nino- and volcanic forcing on the atmospheric energy cycle and the zonal mean atmospheric circulation, | Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, vol.68, no.1, p. 59-74, 1995. ] [ Urban, H J, | Upper temperature tolerance of ten bivalve species off Peru and Chile related to El Nino, | Marine Ecology Progress Series, v107 n1-2, pp 139-145, 1994. ] [ Urban, H J; Tarazona, J, | Effects Of El Nino - Southern Oscillation On The Population-Dynamics Of A Gari-Solida Population (Bivalvia, Psammobiidae) From Bahia-Independencia, Peru, | Marine Biology V. 125 No. 4 P. 725-734, 1996. ] [ Valencia Telleria, A., | El Nino related health hazards. Health consequences of the floods in Bolivia in 1982, | Disasters, v10 n2, pp 88-106, 1986. ] [ Valle, C. A.; Coulter, M. C., | Present status of the flightless cormorant, Galapagos penguin and greater flamingo populations in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, after the 1982 -83 El Nino, | Condor, v89 n2, pp 276-281, 1987. ] [ Valle, C. A.; Cruz, F.; Cruz, J. B.; Merlen, G.; Coulter, M. C., | The impact of the 1982 -1983 El Nino -southern oscillation on seabirds in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, | Journal of Geophysical Research, v92 C13, pp 14,437-14,444, 1987. ] [ Vallis, G.K., | Conceptual Models of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation, | Journal of geophysical research : JGR C, v 93 n 11 P: 13,979, 1988. ] [ Vallis, G.K., | El Nino: a chaotic dynamical system?, | Science, vol.232, no.4747, p. 243-5, 1986. ] [ Vames, S, | Sodium Chloride - El Nino'S Warmth Chills Road-Salt Sales, | Chem Week, 160: (11) 55-55 Mar 25 1998. ] [ Van Der Hammen, T.; Cleef, A. M., | Holocene changes of rainfall and river discharge in northern South America and the El Nino phenomenon, | Erdkunde, v46 n3-4, pp 252-256, 1992. ] [ Van Loon, H.; Shea, D.J., | The Southern Oscillation. part IV. The precursors south of 15 degrees S to the extremes of the Oscillation, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.113, no.12, p. 2063-74, 1985. ] [ Vecchione, M., | Extraordinary abundance of squid paralarvae in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean during El Nino of 1987, | Fishery Bulletin, Vol 97, Iss 4, pp 1025-1030, 1999. ] [ Vega, Aj; Rohli, Rv; Henderson, Kg, | The Gulf Of Mexico Mid-Tropospheric Response To El Nino And La Nina Forcing, | Climate Research, 10: (2) 115-125 Aug 14 1998. ] [ Verburg, Peter, | MELTDOWN - Will the return of El Nino -- and with it, predictions of a warm winter -- put the chill on Alberta's oil and gas boom?, | Canadian Business, Volume 70, Number 14, pp. 85, 1997. ] [ Verma, R.K., | Recent monsoon variability in the global climate perspective, | Mausam, vol.41, no.2, p. 315-20, 1990. ] [ Vermeij, G. J., | An ecological crisis in an evolutionary context: El Nino in the eastern Pacific, | Monograph: Global Ecological Consequences Of The 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pp 505-517 / Editor: Glynn, P.W., 1990. ] [ Vetter, R.E.; Botosso, P.C., | El Nino May Affect Growth Behaviour of Amazonian Trees, | GeoJournal, v 19 n 4 Page: 419, 1989. ] [ Vial, F.; Lott, F.; Teitelbaum, H., | A possible signal of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation in time series of the diurnal tide, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.21, no.15, p. 1603-6, 1994. ] [ Voice, M; Turner, L, | A CD-Rom On The 1997 El Nino Event In The Western Pacific Region, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, 47: (1) 1-3 Mar 1998. ] [ Volk, T., | Effect of the equatorial Pacific upwelling on atmospheric CO "SUB 2" during the 1982-1983 El Nino, | Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v3 n3, pp 267-279, 1989. ] [ Volkov, Yu.N., | The modelling of the El Nino phenomenon by an autooscillation process in the ocean-atmosphere system, | Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana, vol.16, no.11, p. 1179-88, 1980. ] [ Von Storch, H., | A statistical comparison with observations of control and El Nino simulations using the NCAR CCM, | Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, vol.60, no.4, p. 464-77, 1987. ] [ Von Storch, H.; Kruse, H.A., | The extra-tropical atmospheric response to El Nino event-a multivariate significance analysis, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.37A, no.4, p. 361-77, 1985. ] [ Von Storch, H.; Weese, U.; Xu, J.S., | Simultaneous analysis of space-time variability: principal oscillation patterns and principal interaction patterns with applications to the Southern Oscillation, | Zeitschrift fur Meteorologie, vol.40, no.2, p. 99-103, 1990. ] [ Voskresenskaya, E. N.; Polonsky, A. B., | Air pressure fluctuations in the North Atlantic and their relationship with El Nino - Southern Oscillations, | Physical Oceanography, v4 n4, pp 275-282, 1993. ] [ Voskresenskaya, E. N.; Zelenko, A. A.; Polonsky, A. B., | El Nino in 1991-1992 and its manifestations in the tropical Atlantic, | Physical Oceanography, v4 n6, pp 487-495, 1993. ] [ Wagner, A.J., | Resilient El Nino, | Weatherwise v. 47, Feb./Mar., p. 25, 1994. ] [ Wagner, A.J., | The global climate for March-May 1985: strong phase reversal in many areas from two years ago,| (Conditions in the global tropics are for the most part indicative of the 'cold/dry' phase of the ENSO phenomenon) : Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.2, p. 500-23, 1986. ] [ Wagner, A.J., | The global climate of March-May 1987: moderately strong mature phase of ENSO with highly persistent monthly and seasonal temperature anomalies over the United States, | Monthly Weather Review, v115 n12, pp 3166-3187,1987. ] [ Wainer, I.; Webster, P.J., | Monsoon/El Nino-Southern Oscillation relationships in a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere model, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.101, no.C11, p. 25599-614, 1996 . ] [ Wakata, Y.; Sarachik, E.S., | On the role of equatorial ocean modes in the ENSO cycle, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.21, no.3, p. 434-43, 1991. ] [ Wakata, Y.; Sarachik, E.S., | Unstable coupled atmosphere-ocean basin modes in the presence of a spatially varying basic state,| (The oscillatory nature of the ENSO cycle can be explained by a transition mechanism resulting from the interaction of these two equatorial (but not necessarily propagating) modes) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, no.18, p. 2060-77, 1991. ] [ Waliser, D.E.; Blanke, B.; Neelin, J.D.; Gautier, C., | Shortwave feedbacks and El Nino-Southern Oscillation: forced ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere experiments, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.99, no.C12, p. 25109-25, 1994. ] [ Wallace, J.M.; Rasmusson, E.M.; Mitchell, T.P.; Kousky, V.E.; Sarachik, E.S.; Von Storch, H., | On the structure and evolution of ENSO-related climate variability in the tropical Pacific: lessons from TOGA, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.103, no.C7, p. 14169-240 . ] [ Wallace, M. P.; Temple, S. A., | Impacts of the 1982 -1983 El Nino on population dynamics of Andean condors in Peru, | Biotropica, v20 n2, pp 144-150, 1988. ] [ Walland, Dj, | Seasonal Climate Summary Southern Hemisphere (Spring 1997): A Strong Pacific Warm Episode (El Nino) Nears Maturity, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, 47: (2) 159-166 Jun 1998. ] [ Walsh, K.J.; Cerveny, R.S., | Thermal patterns of Pacific South America associated with El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.10, no.5, p. 451-7, 1990. ] [ Wang GL, Eltahir EAB | Use of ENSO information in medium- and long-range forecasting of the Nile floods | Journal of Climate 12: (6) 1726-1737 JUN 1999. ] [ Wang Panxing,; Lau, K. M.; Shen, S. H., | Anomalies of the background circulation of the IAP GCM model atmosphere in an El Nino year, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v5 n5, pp 608-616, 1991. ] [ Wang Shaowu, | Reconstruction of El Nino event chronology for the last 600 year period, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v6 n1, pp 47-57, 1992. ] [ Wang Shaowu, | The El Nino events in 1860-1979, | Kexue Tongbao (Foreign Language Edition), vol.30, no.7, p. 927-31, 1985. ] [ Wang Shaowu; Ma Liang; Chen Zhenhua; Zhang Qiwen, | The Western and Central Pacific rainfall and the El Nino events, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.44, no.4, p. 403-10, 1986. ] [ Wang Shiping, | The numerical criteria and characteristics of El Nino and La Nina, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v9 n1, pp 51-59, 1990. ] [ Wang Zongshan,; Jin Meibing,; Zou Emei,; Xu Bochang, | The inversion of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the western tropical Pacific during 1986/1987 El Nino event, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v12 n4, pp 487-498, 1993. ] [ Wang, B., Wu, R., Lukas, R. | Roles of the western North Pacific wind variation in thermocline adjustment and ENSO phase transition, | Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 77: (1) 1-16 FEB 1999. ] [ Wang, B., | The vertical structure and development of the ENSO anomaly mode during 1979-89, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.49, no.8, p. 698-712, 1992. ] [ Wang, B., | Transition from a cold to a warm state of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycle, | Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.56, no.1-2, p. 17-32, 1995. ] [ Wang, B; Barcilon, A; Fang, Z, | Stochastic dynamics of El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences, p. 5-23, 1999 ] [ Wang, B ; Fang, Z, | Chaotic Oscillations Of Tropical Climate A Dynamic System-Theory For Enso, | Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences V. 53 No. 19 1 P. 2786-2802, 1996. ] [ Wang, C.Z., Weisberg, R.H., Virmani, J.I. | Western Pacific interannual variability associated with the El Nino Southern oscillation, | Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 104: (C3) 5131-5149 MAR 15 1999. ] [ Wang, C.Z., Weisberg, R.H., Yang, H.J., | Effects of the wind speed-evaporation-SST feedback on the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 56: (10) 1391-1403 MAY 15 1999. ] [ Wang, Hui-Jun; Zhang, Ren-He; Cole, Julie; Chavez, Francisco, | From the Academy Frontiers of Science Symposium - El Nino and the related phenomenon Southern Oscillation (ENSO): The largest signal in interannual climate variation, | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Volume 96, Number 20, pp. 11071, 1999. ] [ Wang, H.; Fu, R. | Influences of ENSO SST anomalies and winter storm tracks on the interannual variability of upper-troposphere water vapor over the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, | Journal of Climate, Vol 13, Iss 1, pp 59-73, 2000. ] [ Wang, H., Ting, M.F., Ji, M. | Prediction of seasonal mean United States precipitation based on El Nino sea surface temperatures | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (9) 1341-1344 MAY 1 1999. ] [ Wang, W.-C.; Li, Kerang, | Precipitation Fluctuation over Semiarid Region in Northern China and the Relationship with El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Journal of climate, v 3 n 7 Page: 769, 1990. ] [ Wang, X.L., | Intraseasonal Disturbance Activity before, during and after the 1982-83 ENSO, | Journal of the atmospheric sciences, v 45 n 24, P: 3754, 1988. ] [ Wang, X.L., | The coupling of the annual cycle and ENSO over the tropical Pacific, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.51, no.8, p. 1115-36, 1994. ] [ Wanninkhof, R.; Feely, R.A.; Chen, H.; Cosca, C.; Murphy, P.P., | Surface water fCO/sub 2/ in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the 1992-1993 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.101, no.C7, p. 16333-43, 1996 . ] [ Warwick, R. M.; Clarke, K. R.; Suharsono, | A statistical analysis of coral community responses to the 1982-83 El Nino in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia, | Coral Reefs : Journal of the International Society for Reef Studies, Volume 8, Number 4, p. 171, 1990. ] [ Waylen, P.R.; Caviedes, C.N., | El Nino and annual floods in coastal Peru, | Monograph: Catastrophic Flooding, PP 57-77 / Editor: Mayer, L.; Nash, D., 1987. ] [ Waylen, P.R.; Caviedes, C.N., | El Nino and annual floods on the north Peruvian littoral, | Journal of Hydrology, v89 n1-2, pp 141-156, 1986. ] [ Waylen, P.; Laporte, M.S., | Flooding and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, | Hydrological Processes, Vol 13, Iss 16, pp 2623-2638, 1999. ] [ Waylen, P.R.; Quesada, M.E.; Caviedes, C.N., | The effects of El Nino-Southern Oscillation on precipitation in San Jose, Costa Rica, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.14, no.5, p. 559-68, 1994. ] [ Weare, B.C., | A comparison of shallow water model results for three estimates of a composite El Nino forcing, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.43, no.2, p. 162-70, 1986. ] [ Weare, B.C., | A simple model of the tropical atmosphere driven by a circulation-dependent forcing,| (The possible impact of these processes on El Nino theories is briefly discussed) : Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.112, no.472, p. 409-29, 1986. ] [ Weare, B.C., | An extension of an El Nino index, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.3, p. 644-7, 1986. ] [ Weare, B.C., | El Nino and tropical Pacific Ocean surface temperatures, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.12, no.1, p. 17-27, 1982. ] [ Weare, B.C., | Interannual moisture variations near the surface of the tropical Pacific Ocean,| (Special emphasis is given to understanding the relationship between variations in these quantities and ENSO) : Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.110, no.464, p. 489-504, 1984. ] [ Weare, B.C., | Interannual variation in net heating at the surface of the tropical Pacific Ocean,| (special emphasis is given to exploring the relationship between these variations and those in sea temperature associated with ENSO) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, no.5, p. 873-85, 1983. ] [ Weare, B.C., | Moisture variations associated with El Nino events, | Monograph: Variations in the global water budget, pp 273-284, 1983. ] [ Weare, B.C., | Relationships between monthly precipitation and SST variations in the tropical Pacific region, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.11, p. 2687-98, 1987. ] [ Weare, B.C., | The possible link between net surface heating and El Nino, | Science, vol.221, no.4614, p. 947-9, 1983. ] [ Weare, B.C.; Navato, A.R.; Newell, R.E., | Empirical orthogonal analysis of Pacific sea surface temperatures,| ( The most important non-seasonal variation is identified with the long-recognized El Nino) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.6, no.5, p. 671-8, 1976. ] [ Weaver, A.J. | Extratropical subduction and decadal modulation of El Nino, | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (6) 743-746 MAR 15 1999. ] [ Weber, G.-R., | North Pacific circulation anomalies, El Nino and anomalous warmth over the North American continent in 1986-1988: possible causes of the 1988 North American drought, | International Journal of Climatology, vol.10, no.3, p. 279-89, 1990. ] [ Webster, Peter J; Curry, Judith A, | The Oceans and Weather - By driving the formation of violent storms, monsoons and El Nino, the oceans make their power felt even in inland reaches., | Scientific American. Number 3, pp. 38, 1998. ] [ Webster, F., | Studying El Nino on a global scale ( TOGA), | Oceanus, v27 n2, pp 58-62, 1984. ] [ Webster, P.J., | Seasonality in the local and remote atmospheric response to sea surface temperature anomalies,| (The specific situation of El Nino sea surface temperature forcing is considered) : Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.39, no.1, p. 41-52, 1982. ] [ Webster, Peter J; Palmer, Timothy N., | The past and the future of El Nino, | Nature, Volume 390, Number 6660, pp. 562, 1997. ] [ Webster, P.J.; Yang, S., | Monsoon and ENSO: selectively interactive systems, | Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.118, no.507, p. 877-926, 1992. ] [ Wei-Chyung Wang; Kerang Li, | Precipitation fluctuation over semiarid region in northern China and the relationship with El Nino/Southern Oscillation, | Journal of Climate, vol.3, no.7, p. 769-83, 1990. ] [ Weickmann, K.M., | El Nino/Southern Oscillation and Madden-Julian (30-60 day) oscillations during 1981-1982, | J. Geophys. Res. (USA), Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, suppl., p. 3187-95, 1991. ] [ Weinheimer, A. L.; Carson, T. L.; Wigley, C. R.; Casey, R. E., | Radiolarian responses to Recent and Neogene California El Nino and anti-El Nino events, | Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v53 n1, pp 3-25, 1986. ] [ Weiss, C., | The ENSO phenomenon: a new tool for predicting climatic change, | Ceres, v18 n6, pp 36-38, 1985. ] [ Welling, L A; Pisias, N G; Johnson, E S; White, J R, | Distribution Of Polycystine Radiolaria And Their Relation To The Physical-Environment During The 1992 El Nino And Following Cold Event, | Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies In Oceanography V. 43 No. 4-6 P. 1413, 1996. ] [ Wellington, G. M.; Victor, B. C., | El Nino mass coral mortality: a test of resource limitation in a coral reef damselfish population, | Oecologia, v68 n1, pp 15-19, 1985. ] [ Wells, L.E., | An alluvial record of El Nino events from northern coastal Peru, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14463-70, 1987. ] [ Wells, L.E., | Holocene history of the El Nino phenomenon as recorded in flood sediments of northern coastal Peru, | Geology, vol.18, no.11, p. 1134-7, 1990. ] [ Wester, Peter J.; Palmer, Timothy N. : | The past and the future of El Nino : | Nature (London), 390, pp. 562-564, 1997. ] [ Wheeler, Md, | Photonics Assesses El Nino'S Devastating Path, | Photon Spectra, 32: (6) 26-+ Jun 1998. ] [ Whetton, P.H. ; Rutherfurd, I., | Historical ENSO teleconnections in the eastern hemisphere, | Climatic Change, vol.28, no.3, p. 221-53, 1994. ] [ Whetton, P.H., | Relationships between monthly anomalies of sea-surface temperature and mean sea level pressure in the Australian region,| (relationships revealed for tropical regions are are intimately associated with the El Nino) : Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.38, no.1, p. 17-30, 1990. ] [ White, J.R.; Zhang, X.; Welling, L.A.; Roman, M.R.; Dam, H.G., | Latitudinal gradients in zooplankton biomass in the tropical Pacific at 140(degree)W during the JGOFS EqPac study: Effects of El Nino, | Deep-sea Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, Volume 42, Number 2-3, pp. 715, 1995. ] [ White, W.B.; Cayan, D.R., | Quasi-periodicity and global symmetries in interdecadal upper ocean temperature variability, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.103, no.C10, p. 21335-54 . ] [ White, W.B., | Slow El Nino-Southern Oscillation boundary waves, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.99, no.C11, p. 22737-51, 1994. ] [ White, W.B.; He, Y., | Interannual variability in the heat content of the Kuroshio Extension associated with the 1982 ENSO event, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.16, no.2, p. 309-21, 1986. ] [ White, W.B.; McCreary, J.P., | Eastern intensification of ocean spin-down: application to El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.4, no.3, p. 295-303, 1974. ] [ White, W.B.; Pazan, S.E.; Inoue, M., | Hindcast/forecast of ENSO events based upon the redistribution of observed and model heat content in the western tropical Pacific, 1964-86, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.17, no.2, p. 264-80, 1987. ] [ White, W.B.; Saur, J.F.T., | Sources of interannual baroclinic waves in the eastern subtropical North Pacific,| (Two source mechanisms are hypothesized to have been important to the generation of these waves, i.e., short-term climatic variability in sea level along the eastern boundary, associated with El Nino, and short-term climatic variability in wind-stress curl over the northeast Pacific) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, no.3, p. 531-44, 1983. ] [ Whysall, K.D.B.; Cooper, N.S.; Bigg, G.R., | Long-term changes in the tropical Pacific surface wind field,| (In the tropical Pacific the dominant climate fluctuation is the ENSO phenomenon, which includes large anomalies in the wind field) : Nature, vol.327, no.6119, p. 216-19, 1987. ] [ Wickman, Marshall.; Royed, Jeff., | Altering energy companies' perception of the weather., | Pipeline & Gas Journal, v. 225 no6, p. 21., 1998. ] [ Wikelski, M.; Thom, C., | Marine iguanas shrink to survive El Nino - Changes in bone metabolism enable these adult lizards to reversibly alter their length, | Nature, Vol 403, Iss 6765, pp 37-38, 2000. ] [ Wilby, R., | Evidence of ENSO in the synoptic climate of the British Isles since 1880, | Weather, vol.48, no.8, p. 234-9, 1993. ] [ Wilkinson, C., Linden, O., Cesar, H., et al. | Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: An ENSO impact and a warning of future change? | Ambio 28: (2) 188-196 MAR 1999. ] [ Williams, A.A.J., Karoly, D.J. | Extreme fire weather in Australia and the impact of the El Nino Southern Oscillation, | Australian Meteorological Magazine 48: (1) 15-22 MAR 1999. ] [ Williams, Louise, | Another Calamity: El Nino Again, | World press review, Volume 45, Number 4, pp. 11, 1998. ] [ Wilson, Michael S., | How El Nino affects the US Natural Gas Industry, | Offshore Magazine, vol 56. ]. 3, p. 38 - 48, March 1996. ] [ Wilson, Michael S., | Oh No, El Nino! A Correlation of El Nino Events and the Price of Natural Gas, | Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists Outcrop, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 4-5] [ Wilson, Michael S., | The El Nino Connection: Correlation of El Nino Events with Profit Cycles in the U. S. Natural Gas Industry, | Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 28, no. 7, p. A-360] [ Wilson, Michael S., | Trade Winds, | Hart's Energy Markets, vol. 1. ]4 p. 31-35, November 1996 . ] [ Wilson, Michael S., | The 1998-99 La Nina Event: Post-Game Analysis, | available online. ] [ Wimbush, M.; Chiswell, S.M.; Lukas, R.; Donohue, K.A., | Inverted echo sounder measurement of dynamic height through an ENSO cycle in the central equatorial Pacific, | IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol.15, no.4, p. 380-3, 1990. ] [ Wingfield, J.C., Ramos-Fernandez, G., la Mora, A.N.D., et al. | The effects of an "El Nino" southern oscillation event on reproduction in male and female blue-footed boobies, Sula nebouxii, | General and Comparitive Endocrinology 114: (2) 163-172 MAY 1999. ] [ Winston, J.S., | Climatic variations in the outgoing longwave radiation of the past decade as observed from NOAA polar orbiting satellites,| (A major concentration is on the tropics and subtropics where there have been very substantial radiation variations associated with major shifts in convective cloudiness accompanying ENSO events) : Advances in Space Research, vol.5, no.6, p. 121-5, 1985. ] [ Wolff, M., | Population dynamics of the Peruvian scallop Argopecten purpuratus during the El Nino phenomenon of 1983, | Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, v44 n10, pp 1684-1691, 1987. ] [ Wolff, W.L.; Smith, R.B., | Length-of-day changes and mountain torque during El Nino, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.44, no.24, p. 3656-60, 1987. ] [ Wolter, K. and Timlin, M.S., | Measuring the Strength of ENSO Events: How Does 1997/98 Rank?, | Weather, vol. 53, no. 9 , p. 315, 1998. ] [ Woodbury D | Reduction of growth in otoliths of widow and yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes entomelas and S-flavidus) during the 1983 El Nino | Fishery Bulletin 97: (3) 680-689 JUL 1999. ] [ Wong, C. S.; Chan, Y.-H.; Page, J. S.; Smith, G. E.; Bellegay, R. D., | Changes in equatorial CO "SUB 2" flux and new production estimated from CO "SUB 2" and nutrient levels in Pacific surface waters during the 1986/87 El Nino, | Tellus, Series B, v45B n1, pp 64-79, 1993. ] [ Woodbury, David, | Reduction of growth in otoliths of widow and yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes entomelas and S flavidus) during the 1983 El Nino, | Fishery bulletin, Volume 97, Number 3, pp. 680, 1999. ] [ Woodhouse, C. A., | Tree-growth response to ENSO events in the central Colorado Front Range, | Physical Geography, v14 n5, pp 417-435, 1993. ] [ Wootton, J T; Power, M E; Paine, R T; Pfister, C A, | Effects Of Productivity, Consumers, Competitors, And El Nino Events On Food-Chain Patterns In A Rocky Intertidal Community, | Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America V. 93 No. 24 26 P. 13855-13858, 1996. ] [ Wright, S. Joseph; Carrasco, Claudio; Calderon, Osvaldo; Paton, Steven, | Other Articles - The El Nino southern oscillation, variable fruit production, and famine in a tropical forest, | Ecology, volume 80, number 5, pp. 1632, 1999. ] [ Wright, W.J., | Seasonal climate summary Southern Hemisphere (autumn 1992): signs of a weakening ENSO event, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, v42 n4, pp 191-198, 1993. ] [ Wright, W.J., | Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (autumn 1993): a second mature ENSO phase, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol.43, no.3, p. 205-12, 1994. ] [ Wu Guoxiong,; Cubasch, U., | The impact of El Nino anomaly on mean meridional circulation and transfer properties of the atmosphere, | Scientia Sinica, Series B, v30 n5, pp 533-545, 1987. ] [ Wu, D.-H.; Anderson, D.L.T.; Davey, M.K., | ENSO variability and external impacts, | Journal of Climate, vol.6, no.9, p. 1703-17, 1993. ] [ Wuethrich, B., | El Nino goes critical, | New Scientist v. 145, p. 32-5, 1995. ] [ Wunsch, C., | Global-scale sea surface variability from combined altimetric and tide gauge measurements,| (An estimate of the global difference of sea level change over one year, on very large space scales, shows the effects of the 1987 El Nino) : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, no.C8, p. 15053-82, 1991. ] [ Wyrtki, K., | Advection in the Peru current as observed by satellite, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.82, no.27, p. 3939-43, 1977. ] [ Wyrtki, K., | El Nino-The dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.5, no.4, p. 572-84, 1975. ] [ Wyrtki, K., | Sea level during the 1972 El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.7, no.6, p. 779-87, 1977. ] [ Wyrtki, K., | Sea level fluctuations in the Pacific during the 1982-83 El Nino, | Geophysical Research Letters, vol.12, no.3, p. 125-8, 1985. ] [ Wyrtki, K., | The Southern Oscillation, ocean-atmosphere interaction and El Nino, | Marine Technology Society Journal, vol.16, no.1, p. 3-10, 1982. ] [ Wyrtki, K., | The response of sea surface topography to the 1976 El Nino, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.9, no.6, p. 1223-31, 1979. ] [ Wyrtki, K., | The slope of sea level along the equator during the 1982/1983 El Nino, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.89, no.C6, p. 10419-24, 1984. ] [ Wyrtki, K., | Water displacements in the Pacific and the genesis of El Nino Cycles, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, no.C4, p. 7129-32, 1985. ] [ Wyrtki, K.; Stroup, E.; Patzert, W.; Williams, R.; Quinn, W., | Predicting and observing El Nino, | Science, vol.191, no.4225, p. 343-6, 1976. ] [ Wyrtki, K.; Wenzel, J., | Possible gyre-gyre interaction in the Pacific Ocean,| (Using sea-level data the authors demonstrate that the subtropical gyres of the North and South Pacific oscillate with a period of about 4 years and that these oscillations are probably induced by the major El Nino events) : Nature, vol.309, no.5968, p. 538-40, 1984. ] [ Xinglin, T, | A Diagnostic Analysis of Winter Atmospheric Circulation during the 1982-1983 ENSO Event, | Advances in atmospheric sciences, v 7 n 1 Page: 57, 1990. ] [ Xu Jun,; Chen Longxun, | Numerical experiment on the seasonal variation of global ocean and the El Nino process - part II: numerical experiment on the 1972- 1973 El Nino process, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, v8 n3, pp 346-355, 1994. ] [ Yakir, D; Levyadun, S; Zangvil, A, | El Nino And Tree Growth Near Jerusalem Over The Last 20 Years, | Global Change Biology V. 2 No. 2 P. 97-101, 1996. ] [ Yamagata, T., | A simple ocean-atmosphere coupled model for the origin of a warn El Nino Southern Oscillation event, | Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, v 329 n 1604 Page: 225, 1989 . ] [ Yamagata, T., | On the recent development of simple, coupled ocean-atmosphere models of ENSO, | Oceanographical Society of Japan, v42 n4, pp 299-307, 1986. ] [ Yan Xue; Cane, M.A.; Zebiak, S.E.; Blumenthal, M.B., | On the prediction of ENSO: a study with a low-order Markov model, | Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), vol.46A, no.4, p. 512-28, 1994. ] [ Yang Ben-You; Sun Chang-An, | Solar activity, Earth rotation and El Nino phenomena, | Acta Astronomica Sinica, vol.31, no.2, p. 158-63, 1990. ] [ Yang Guangji; Liu Jiaming, | Intraannual and interannual rainfall variability over East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia,| (When the El Nino phenomena occur, the rainfall amount is high in South China and low in Central China) : Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, vol.11, no.3, p. 304-12, 1987. ] [ Yang, J.; O'Brien, J.J., | A coupled atmosphere-ocean model in the tropics with different thermocline profiles, | Journal of Climate, vol.6, no.6, p. 1027-40, 1993. ] [ Yang, X. B.; Scherm, Harald, | El Nino and infectious disease, | Science v. 275 (Feb. 7 '97) p. 739, 1997. ] [ Yang, X.-Q.; Xie, Q.; Ni, Y.-Q.; Huang, S.-S., | ENSO cycle in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model and its negative feedback mechanism, | Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.61, no.3-4, p. 153- 86, 1996 . ] [ Yao Lanchang, | The characteristics of atmospheric heating field over the west Pacific and its surrounding sea area in August 1982 to July 1983,| (Using monthly climatic data, atmospheric heating field over the western Pacific during the El Nino period from August 1982 to July 1983 is computed) : Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.49, no.3, p. 343-53, 1991. ] [ Yarnal, B., | Extratropical teleconnections with El Nino/ Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, | Progress in Physical Geography, v9 n3, pp 315-352, 1985. ] [ Yarnal, B.; Kiladis, G., | Tropical teleconnections associated with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, | Progress in Physical Geography, v9 n4, pp 524-558, 1985. ] [ Yefimov, V.V.; Prusov, A.V.; Shokurov, M.V., | The large-scale structure of interannual variability in the atmospheric circulation and the El Nino phenomenon, | Izvestiya: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Volume 31, Number 2, pp. 218, 1995. ] [ Yin, K.D.; Harrison, P.J.; Chen, J.; Huang, W.; Qian, P.Y., | Red tides during spring 1998 in Hong Kong: is El Nino responsible? | Marine Ecology-Progress Series, Vol 187, pp 289-294, 1999. ] [ Ying-Quei Chen; Battisti, D.S.; Sarachik, E.S., | A new ocean model for studying the tropical oceanic aspects of ENSO, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.25, no.9, p. 2065-89, 1995. ] [ Yoklavich, M M; Loeb, V J; Nishimoto, M; Daly, B, | Nearshore Assemblages Of Larval Rockfishes And Their Physical-Environment Off Central California During An Extended El Nino Event, 1991-1993, | Fishery Bulletin V. 94 No. 4 P. 766-782, 1996. ] [ Yoo, J.-M.; Carton, J.A., | Annual and interannual variation of the freshwater budget in the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea,| (lest rainfall in the region during the 11-year record occurred in the El Nino years of 1976-7 and 1982-3) : Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.20, no.6, p. 831-45, 1990. ] [ Yoshino, M.; Yasunari, T., | Climatic anomalies of El Nino and anti-El Nino years and their socio-economic impacts in Japan, | Science Reports - University of Tsukuba, Institute of Geoscience, Section A, v7, pp 41-53, 1986. ] [ Youhai He; White, W.B., | Interannual variability of the Kuroshio frontal structure along its western boundary in the north Pacific Ocean associated with the 1982 ENSO event, | Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.17, no.9, p. 1494-506, 1987. ] [ Yu Jiye,; Chen Shangji,; Fang Xinhua, | The circularly propagating pattern of the low-frequency fluctuations of monthly MSL in the tropical Pacific Ocean and its correlation with El Nino, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v11 n2, pp 205-218, 1992. ] [ Yu Yanling, | Heat budget at the surface of the western tropical Pacific Ocean and El Nino, | Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, vol.18, no.5, p. 491-7, 1987. ] [ Yu, La; Rienecker, Mm, | Evidence Of An Extratropical Atmospheric Influence During The Onset Of The 1997-98 El Nino, | Geophysical Research Letters, 25: (18) 3537-3540 Sep 15 1998. ] [ Yu, L.S., Rienecker, M.M. | Mechanisms for the Indian Ocean warming during the 1997-98 El Nino, | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (6) 735-738 MAR 15 1999. ] [ Yulaeva, E.; Wallace, J.M., | The signature of ENSO in global temperature and precipitation fields derived from the Microwave Sounding Unit, | Journal of Climate, vol.7, no.11, p. 1719-36, 1994. ] [ Yunqi, Ni; Yuanbi, Lin, | Numerical Study for Characteristic Change of Asian Summer Monsoon Circulation and Its Influence Mechanism during the El Nino Period, | Advances in atmospheric sciences, v 7 n 3 Page: 320, 1990. ] [ Zabel, C.J.; Taggart, S.J., | Shift in red fox, Vulpes vulpes, mating system associated with El Nino in the Bering Sea, | Animal behaviour, v 38 n 5 Page: 830, 1989. ] [ Zapffe, C.A., | El Nino, tectonodynamics and hydrothermodynamics: a new meteorological model, | Speculations in Science and Technology, vol.8, no.5, p. 349-57, 1985] [ Zebiak, S.E., | A simple atmospheric model of relevance to El Nino, | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.39, no.9, p. 2017-27, 1982. ] [ Zebiak, S.E., | Atmospheric convergence feedback in a simple model for El Nino, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.114, no.7, p. 1263-71, 1986. ] [ Zebiak, S.E., | Oceanic Heat Content Variability and El Nino Cycles, | Journal of physical oceanography. v 19 n 4 Page: 475, 1989. ] [ Zebiak, S.E., | On the 30-60 Day Oscillation and the Prediction of El Nino, | Journal of climate, v 2 n 11 Page: 1381, 1989. ] [ Zebiak, S.E.; Cane, M.A., | A model El Nino-Southern Oscillation, | Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, no.10, p. 2262-78, 1987. ] [ Zeng Zhaomei; Zhang Mingli, | Relationship between the key region SST of the tropical eastern Pacific and air temperature of northeast China,| (Cold summers in northeast China are consistent with the appearance of El Nino in the eastern equatorial Pacific during thirty years 1951-80 ) : Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, vol.11, no.4, p. 382-9, 1987. ] [ Zerefos, C.S.; Bais, A.F.; Ziomas, I.C.; Bojkov, R.D., | On the relative importance of quasi-biennial oscillation and El Nino/Southern Oscillation in the revised Dobson total ozone records, | Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.97, no.D9, p. 10135-44, 1992. ] [ Zhadin, E.A., | Planetary and interannual ozone anomalies in polar regions,| - long term variations may be associated with El Nino : Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana, vol.26, no.11, p. 1156-61, 1990. ] [ Zhan Shuyun,; Yang Shurui, | An analysis of El Nino processes during 1949-1987, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v9 n2, pp 219-226, 1990. ] [ Zhang Jijia,; Lia Yueqing,; Lei Zhaochong,; Sun Zhaobo, | Characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere 500hPa diabatic heat flow field in years of El Nino and anti - El Nino, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica (English Edition), v6 n2, pp 159-169, 1992. ] [ Zhang Qiwen,; Wang Shaowu, | A comparative study of 1982-1983 El Nino event, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v5 n4, pp 517-521, 1986. ] [ Zhang, Q.; Zhu, Y.; Ni, Y., | QBO Features of Tropical Pacific wind Stress Field with the Relation to El Nino, | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Volume 12, Number 1, p. 87, 1995. ] [ Zhang, Rong-Hua; Busalacchi, Antonio J., | Ocean Sciences and Climate Studies - A possible link between off-equatorial warm anomalies propagating along the NECC path and the onset of the 1997-1998 El Nino (Paper 1999GL002315), | Geophysical research letters. Volume 26, Number 18, pp. 2873, 1999. ] [ Zhang, Rong-Hua; Endoh, Masahiro, | Simulation of the 1986-1987 El Nino and 1988 La Nina events with a free surface tropical Pacific Ocean general circulation model, | Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 99, Number C4, p. 7743, April 15, 1994. ] [ Zhang, R.H., Rothstein, L.M., Busalacchi, A.J., et al. | The onset of the 1991-92 El Nino event in the tropical Pacific Ocean: The NECC subsurface pathway, | Geophysical Research Letters 26: (7) 847-850 APR 1 1999. ] [ Zhang, Rong-Hua; Rothstein, Lewis M.; Busalacchi, Antonio J. : | Origin of upper-ocean warming and El Nino change on decadal scales in the tropical Pacific Ocean : | Nature (London), 391, pp. 879-883, 1998. ] [ Zhang X.; Zhao H.; Ding Yihui, | Sea level fluctuations in the Pacific during the 1986-7 El Nino, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica, vol.48, no.4, p. 424-32, 1990. ] [ Zhang, Y; Wallace, J M; Iwasaka, N, | Is Climate Variability Over The North Pacific A Linear-Response To Enso, | Journal Of Climate V. 9 No. 7 Jul P. 1468-1478, 1996. ] [ Zheng Da-Wei, ; Luo Shi-Fang, ; Song Guo-Xuan, | Interannual variation of Earth rotation, El Nino events and atmospheric angular momentum, | Science in China, Series B, v32 n6, pp 729-736, 1989. ] [ Zheng Da-Wei; Song Guo-xuan; Luo Shi-fang, | Prediction of El Nino events by the astronomical observation of the length of day, | Chinese Science Bulletin, vol.36, no.4, p. 305-8, 1991. ] [ Zhenjie Lin, | Seasonal climate summary Southern Hemisphere (summer 1992-93): a re-strengthening El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode, | Australian Meteorological Magazine, v43 n2, pp 129-138, 1994. ] [ Zhong Yuan, | The controversy over El Nino phenomenon, | Geographical Knowledge, v3, pp 26-27, 1984. ] [ Zhong, Q., | An ENSO theory: Theoretical analysis of a nonlinear atmospher-ocean coupled characteristic system and its relation with ENSO events, | Annales geophysicae. Atmospheres, hydrospheres, v 8 n 12 Page: 845, 1990 . ] [ Zhou Faxiu,; Yu Shenyu, | The low frequency oscillations of the sea surface temperature in the equatorial eastern Pacific and El Nino formation, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v8 n4, pp 521-533, 1989. ] [ Zhu Bingyuan; Li Donghang, | The relationship between the El Nino events and the drought or excessive rain of Northwest China during 1845 to 1988, | Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, vol.16, no.2, p. 185-92, 1992. ] [ Zhu Qiangen,; Shi Neng, | Variations in the teleconnection intensity indices and their remote response to the El Nino events in the Northern Hemisphere, | Acta Meteorologica Sinica (English Edition), v6 n4, pp 433-445, 1992. ] [ Zhu Yafen,; Yang Dasheng, | Analysis of the air-sea heat exchange during the El Nino event in 1983, | Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v9 n4, pp 513-526, 1990. ] [ Zhu, W.J.; Sun, Z.B., | Influence of ENSO event on the maintenance of Pacific storm track in the Northern winter, | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Vol 16, Iss 4, pp 630-640, 1999. ] [ Zimmer, Carl, | The El Nino Factor - El Nino ended yet another reign this year, producing floods, droughts, and disease. A sign of things to come?, | Discover, pp. 98, January 1999. ] [ Zimmerman, R. C.; Robertson, D. L., | Effects of El Nino on local hydrography and growth of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, at Santa Catalina Island, California, | Limnology & Oceanography, v30 n6, pp 1298-1302, 1985. ] [ Zolkos, Rodd., | El Nino causing sick-building gripes. (allergy complaints mistakenly attributed to indoor air pollution), | Business Insurance, v. 32 no20, p. 3., 1998. ] [ Zorn, Matthew R.; Waylen, Peter R., | Seasonal Response of Mean Monthly Streamflow to El Nino/Southern Oscillation in North Central Florida, | The Professional Geographer : the Journal of the Association of American Geographers, Volume 49, Number 1, pp. 51, 1997. ]