Bibliography: El Niño and upwelling off Peru

Other Resources

More bibliographies
El Niño Resource Center ; theme pages, articles online and other resources.

Henrichs, S. M.; Farrington, J. W. : Peru upwelling region sediments near 15 degrees S; 1, Remineralization and accumulation of organic matter : Limnology and Oceanography, v.29, n.1, p.1-19 / REFERENCES: 70
Zika, R. G.; Saltzman, E. S.; Cooper, W. J. : Hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the Peru upwelling area : Marine Chemistry, v.17, n.3, p.265-275 / REFERENCES: 15
Farrington, J. W.; Gagosian, R. B.; Wakeham, S. G.; Lee, C.; Volkman, J. K. : Organic geochemistry of Recent sediments from the Peru upwelling area / MONO TITLE: The Geological Society of America, 97th annual meeting / CONF INFO: The Geological Society of America, 97th annual meeting, Reno, NV, United States, November 5-8, 1984
Martin, J. H.; Knauer, G. A.; Flegal, A. R. : Trace element distributions and fluxes off Peru / MONO TITLE: AGU 1984 spring meeting / CONF INFO: AGU 1984 spring meeting, Cincinnati, OH, United States, May 14-17, 1984 : Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v.65, n.16, p 229
McCaffrey, Mark A.; Farrington, John W.; Repeta, Daniel J. : The impact of El Niño conditions on the geochemistry of Peru margin surface sediment / MONO TITLE: Geological Society of America, 1989 annual meeting / CONF INFO: Geological Society of America, 1989 annual meeting, St. Louis, MO, United States, Nov. 6-9, 1989 / SOURCE: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, v.21, n.6, p.5
Chavez, F. : Phytoplankton, El Niño and the sedimentary record / MONO TITLE: Paleo-ENSO records international symposium; extended abstracts; former ENSO phenomena in western South America; records of El Niño events / CONF INFO: International symposium on Former ENSO phenomena in western South America; records of El Niño events, Lima, Peru, March 4-7, South America; records of El Niño events, Lima, Peru, March 4-7, 1992 / PUBLISHER: ORSTOM, Lima, Peru, CONCYTEC, Lima, Peru

Urban, H.-J. : Upper temperature tolerance of ten bivalve species off Peru and Chile related to El Niño : Marine Ecology Progress Series, v107 n1-2, pp 139-145

ABSTRACT: The upper temperature tolerance of ten commercially important species (Gari solida , Semele solida , Semele corrugata , Protothaca thaca , Venus antiqua , Tagelus dombeii , Ensis macha , Aulacomya ater , Choromytilus chorus and Argopecten purpuratus ) was determined and compared. Due to higher habitat temperatures in Peru, LT "SUB 50" (lethal temperatures for 50% of an experimental population) are higher than in Chile. In Chile LT "SUB 50" for six of eight species studied varied only by 1.2 degrees C. For all species temperature increases recorded during the strongest El Niño of this century (1982-83) did not exceed the temperature tolerance interval.

Repeta, D. J.; McCaffrey, M. A.; Farrington, J. W. : Organic geochemistry as a tool to study upwelling systems: recent results from the Peru and Namibian shelves / MONOGRAPH: in: Upwelling systems: evolution since the early Miocene, pp 257-272 / EDITOR: Summerhayes, C.P.; et al

ABSTRACT: In order to decipher the sedimentary record on the molecular level, a better understanding of early diagenesis, and the coupling between water column biology, chemistry and biomarker distribution in sediments, is needed. Upwelling environments provide excellent sites to conduct such studies. We summarize here some recent research on early diagenesis, the effect of dysaerobic conditions on biomarker preservation, and the impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the organic geochemical record.
Return to Top of Page

Carrasco, S.; Lozano, O. : Seasonal and long-term variations of zooplankton volumes in the Peruvian Sea, 1964-1987 / MONOGRAPH: in: The Peruvian upwelling ecosystem. Proc. workshop on models for yield prediction, Callao, 1987, pp 82-85 / EDITOR: Pauly, D.; et al

ABSTRACT: Seasonally-averaged estimates of zooplankton volume for the N, C and S part of the Peru coast (up to c170 km offshore) are presented. Highest zooplankton biomasses occur in spring (October-December) in all 3 zones. Overall, zooplankton abundances are lowest off C Peru. There is a clear declining trend of zooplankton biomasses from the mid-1960s to the mid- 1980s. The impact of various El Niño events on zooplankton abundance and composition is discussed. -from Authors

Limberger, D. : El Niño's effect on South American pinniped species / MONOGRAPH: in: Global ecological consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño- Southern Oscillation, pp 417-432 EDITOR: Glynn, P.W.

ABSTRACT: Marine mammals living in the tropical upwelling ecosystem of Galapagos and Peru were severely affected by the influx of tropical warm water during the 1982/83 El Niño. The Galapagos fur seal Arctocephalus galapagoensis population suffered considerable mortality; and 4 youngest age classes were almost completely lost, along with 30% of the adult population. All larger males, which were territorial during El Niño, disappeared and presumably died. The Galapagos sea lion Zalophus californianus wollebaeki population lost most of the 1982 year class and had a greatly reduced birth rate in the breeding season following El Niño. High mortality was also reported for South American fur seal Arctocephalus australis and South American sea lion Otaria byronia on the southern coast of Peru. Periods with El Niño conditions cause a severe disruption of the food web, creating acute food shortage for both fur seals and sea lions.

Codispoti, L. A.; Friederich, G. E.; Packard, T. T.; Barber, R. T. : Remotely driven thermocline oscillations and denitrification in the eastern South Pacific: the potential for high denitrification rates during weak coastal upwelling : Science of the Total Environment, v75 n2-3, pp 301-318

ABSTRACT: During February -March 1985 denitrification in the ocean off Peru was enhanced in 4 environments despite relatively weak coastal upwelling winds: 1) bottom waters over the shelf, 2) a deep layer (approx300 m) north of approx11 degreesS, 3) a near surface layer (approx40 m) with exceptional nitrite concentrations, and 4) at relatively shallow depths south of approx11 degreesS. The exceptional 1985 observations may have been related to an unusually shallow thermocline that in turn could have r epresented a large-scale response to the 1982 -83 El Niño. The super-elevation of the thermocline noted in 1985, however, represented only a c10% increase in the range of thermocline depth observations in the previous data, suggesting that the 1985 data may represent an extreme development of a recurring situation. During February-March 1985 average primary production rate was approx2 g C m "SUP - 2" day "SUP -1" , despite the extremely weak upwelling winds (average speed < 4 m s "SUP -1" ), presumably because the elevated thermocline placed high nutrient waters in close proximity to the photic zone. The thermocline waters off Peru are typically low in oxygen, and the low wind speeds restricted the flux of oxygen from the atmosphere into the ocean. This situation could lead to extremely high denitrification rates in the water column even though primary production might be lower than average (approx3 g C m "SUP - 2" day "SUP -1" ) due to the weak upwelling winds.

Wolff, M. : Population dynamics of the Peruvian scallop Argopecten purpuratus during the El Niño phenomenon of 1983 : Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, v44 n10, pp 1684-1691

ABSTRACT: In the fishing area off Pisco, Peru the scallop population size exceeded 60 times that of "normal' years, probably due to a significant increase in survival rate of larval and juvenile scallops and/or intensified spawning activity with subsequent recruitment in the warm El Niño waters. Only small scallops (15 -45mm shell height) showed accelerated growth due to elevated temperatures. Total mortality (Z) was estimated as 2.5 and natural mortality (M) as 1.0. The hypothesis is proposed that A. purpuratus is a relict of a tropical/subtropical fauna inhabiting the Peruvian and Chilean waters in the Miocene, which has maintained its warmwater characteristics during evolution in the cold upwelling water because of periodic post-Miocene El Niño events.
Return to Top of Page

HENRICHS, S. M.; FARRINGTON, J. W. : Peru upwelling region sediments near 15"SUP o"S. 1. Re mineralization and accumulation of organic matter (diatomaceous, oozes) : Limnology & Oceanography, v29 n1, pp 1-19, 7 figs, 4 tables

ABSTRACT: Six cores were obtained along a 70-km transect perpendicular to the Peru coast in the highly productive upwelling region, at depths ranging from 90 to 5300m. All of the sediments sampled were diatomaceous oozes. The organic carbon and total nitrogen distributions in three cores from the oxygen minimum zone indicate that there have been variations in the rate of accumulation of organic matter over time. These variations may be related in part to the frequency and intensity of El Niño events. Porewater ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, total carbon events. Porewater ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, total carbon dioxide, sulfate, and sulfide concentrations were measured. Remineralization rates in sediments calculated from the dissolved carbon dioxide profiles range from 0.6 to 20g C.m"SUP -2"yr"SUP -1". Total carbon dioxide concentrations in porewaters of two oxygen-minimum-zone sediments were modeled using both steady state and nonsteady state distributions of metabolizable organic matter.

GLANTZ, MICHAEL H. ; El Niño: lessons for coastal fisheries in Africa? : Oceanus, v23 n2, pp 9-17, 2 figs, 10 photos, 10 refs.

ABSTRACT: The major features of El Niño and of Peru's fishing industry during the last 15 years are summarised. The problem in using a forecast of El Niño as an effective management tool for the exploitation of Peruvian anchoveta fishery are discussed. The exploitation of coastal fisheries in African upwelling regions off Mauritania and Somalia by local and foreign vessels is described, and the importance of avoiding the over- capitalisation of a fishing industry which in Peru led to its collapse is stressed.

Thomas, A.C.; Huang, F.; Strub, P.T.; James, C. : Atlantic Centre for Remote Sensing of the Oceans, Halifax, NS, Canada : Comparison of the seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Peru and California Current systems : Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.99, no.C4, p. 7355-70

ABSTRACT: Monthly composite images from the global coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) data set are used to provide an initial illustration and comparison of seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton pigment concentration along the western coasts of South and North America in the Peru Current system (PCS) and California Current system (CCS). The analysis utilizes the entire time series of available data (November 1978 to June 1986) to form a mean annual cycle and an index of interannual variability for a series of both latitudinal and cross-shelf regions within each current system. Within 100 km of the coast, the strongest seasonal cycles in the CCS are in two regions, one between 34 degrees and 45 degrees N and the second between 24 degrees and 29 degrees N, each with maximum concentrations in May-June. Weaker seasonal variability is present north of 45 degrees N and in the Southern California Bight region. Within the PCS, in the same 100-km-wide coastal region, highest (>45 degrees S) and lowest (<20 degrees S) latitude regions have a similar seasonal cycle with maximum concentrations during the austral spring, summer, and fall, matching that evident throughout the CCS. Between these regions, off northern and central Chile, the seasonal maximum occurs during July-August contrary to the influence of upwelling favorable winds. Within the CCS, the dominant eature of interannual variability in the 8-year time series is a strong negative concentration anomaly in 1983, an El Niño year. The relative value of this negative anomaly is strongest off central California and is followed by an even stronger negative anomaly in 1984 off Baja California

Huyer, A.; Smith, R.L.; Paluszkiewicz, T. : Coastal upwelling off Peru during normal and El Niño times, 1981-4 : J. Geophys. Res. (USA), Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.92, no.C13, p. 14297-307

Richez, C.; Philander, G.; Crepon, M. : Oceanic response to coastal winds with shear SOURCE: Oceanologica Acta, vol.7, no.4, p. 409-16

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the response of a stratified ocean to a wind blowing over a patch and parallel to a coast. In the f- plane case, it is found that the upwelling and the jet occurring at the coast acquire stable values after a relatively short time, because they are arrested by Kelvin wave fronts generated at the wind discontinuity, while the downwelling and the double jet occurring at the wind discontinuity continue to increase with time as the wind blows. In the case of an eastern coast, it is found that the beta effect suppresses the coastal motion via radiation of westward propagating Rossby waves. Here, the downwelling eventually reaches a constant value which extends westward at the speed of long baroclinic Rossby waves and occupies a large surface of the ocean. This phenomenon could trigger the El Niño (12 Refs.)

Cowles, T.J.; Barber, R.T.; Guillen, O. : Biological consequences of the 1975 El Niño SOURCE: Science, vol.195, no.4275, p. 285-7

ABSTRACT: The weak El Niño event of 1975 had a clearly defined effect on the biological productivity of the southeastern tropical Pacific. During February and March 1975, warm (27 degrees C) water of low salinity (33.5 parts per thousand) and low nutrient content extended south across the equator east of the Galapagos Islands, replacing the nutrient-rich water normally supplied by equatorial upwelling. Equatorial primary production was less than 0.2 gram of carbon per square meter per day, one-fifth of the normal value. At the maximum development of the 1975 event, the coastal region of Peru continued to have strong nearshore upwelling with primary production values greater than 2.5 grams of carbon per square meter per day, although the zone of high production was confined to a 250-kilometer-wide band, one- half its normal width. The biological effects of the 1975 event were short-lived; in April and May 1975 the equatorial region had begun to reestablish its normal levels of primary production

Hurlburt, H.E.; Kindle, J.C.; O'Brien, J.J. : A numerical simulation of the onset of El Niño SOURCE: Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.6, no.5, p. 621-31

ABSTRACT: El Niño may be defined oceanographically as a massive influx of warm water into the coastal region of Ecuador and Peru. The authors have tested the hypothesis that these rare events occur after a substantial reduction of the atmospheric trade winds over the central Pacific Ocean. An idealized nonlinear, two-layer, equatorial beta-plane ocean is spun-up with easterly winds for 50 days after which the wind is relaxed over several days. The relaxation of the wind initiates internal Kelvin wave fronts at both sides of the ocean at the equator. Thus it is suggested that the pulsating nature of El Niño is related to the occurrence of major equatorial wind changes and the dynamics of internal Kelvin waves whose nonlinear attributes may greatly sharpen the pulses

Patzert, W.C. : El Niño expedition-a step toward ocean prediction : Naval Research Reviews, vol.29, no.4, p. 18-21

ABSTRACT: Discusses a five-month expedition to verify prediction of an unusual event in the ocean and atmosphere. The event, El Niño, is characterized by unusual temperature changes over large areas of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. These large-scale temperature anomalies in the upper ocean have been shown to be manifestations of changes in the ocean- atmosphere system over the entire Pacific Ocean (Bjerknes, 1961) and possibly over the entire globe (Bjerknes, 1974). The unusual warming, referred to as El Niño, has dramatic consequences both on the coastal and offshore environs of Ecuador and Peru. Offshore, the normally cold, upwelling coastal waters which join the cool, northward-flowing Peru- Chile current are invaded by much warmer waters from north of the equator and the west. These warm waters induce tropical-like rains that cause frequent coastal flooding and, offshore, disperse the Peruvian Anchovies, normally the world's largest single fishery. In all, El Niño is a natural world's largest single fishery. In all, El Niño is a natural catastrophe for Peru

Wyrtki, K.; Stroup, E.; Patzert, W.; Williams, R.; Quinn, W. : Predicting and observing El Niño : Science, vol.191, no.4225, p. 343-6

ABSTRACT: The occasional appearance of excessively warm water off the coast of Peru is referred to as El Niño. It coincides with the Southern Hemispheric summer, the season of weaker trade winds, and the time of reduced upwelling along the coast of Peru. Several times in the past, most recently in 1957-58, 1965-66, and 1972-73, the warm water accumulation is excessive, upwelling apparently ceases completely, the fish stock disappears or is at least no longer available to the stock disappears or is at least no longer available to the fisherman, and the coastal birds, which depend on fish for food, die in large numbers. The coastal areas of Ecuador and northern Peru suffer under torrential rainfalls. In total, El Niño amounts to a natural catastrophe. A capability to predict this event would contribute to the understanding of the large changes occurring in our weather and climate (12 Refs.)

Moore, Jerry D. : ,b>Cultural Responses to Environmental Catastrophes: Post-El Niño Subsistence on the Prehistoric North Coast of Peru : Latin American antiquity. MAR 01 1991 v 2 n 1 Page: 27

Wells, Lisa E. : Holocene history of the El Niño phenomenon as recorded in flood sediments of northern coastal Peru : Geology. NOV 01 1990 v 18 n 11 Page: 1134

McCaffrey, M.A. Farrington, J.W. Repeta, D.J. : The organic geochemistry of Peru margin surface sediments:I. A comparison of the C37 alkenone and historical El Niño records. In: Geochimica et cosmochimica acta. JUN 01 1990 v 54 n 6 Page: 1671

Bibliographies compiled by Vince Mariner Bibliography list for Non-JavaScript Enabled Browsers.

Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies Library,
Florida State University
Tallahassee, FL 32306-2840
Homepage: http://www.coaps.fsu.edu/lib/
(850) 644-6931 / (850) 644-4841 (fax)

Thanks for visiting this page.
Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies.
Date of last update: Friday Nov 16, '07