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El Niño refers to a massive warming off the coastal waters of Peru and Ecuador and the Southern Oscillation to the related atmospheric component of this phenomenon, often abbreviated as ENSO. The ocean warming covers a band from 10 degrees N to 10 degrees S and extends more than 90 degrees of longitude. Typically, the warming starts late in the boreal spring or summer and builds to a peak at the end of the year, with the event usually over by the following summer. It is a quasi-periodic phenomenon with global consequences in the form of flooding, droughts, and other phenomena. (TAMU, Glossary of Oceanography and the Related Geosciences with References)

This index defines ENSO years based on sea surface temperature anomalies. Please visit the ENSO Index According to JMA SSTA page for more information.

Cold PhaseNeutral PhaseWarm Phase
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1954
1955
1956
1964
1967
1970
1971
1973
1975
1988
1944
1950
1952
1953
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1966
1968
1974
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1983
1984
1985
1989
1990
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1951
1957
1963
1965
1969
1972
1976
1982
1986
1987
1991

El Niño/Southern Oscillation Categorized Years
(Based on the JMA - SST Anomaly Index).




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